Elevated serum sialic acids, a potent biomarker of alloxan-induced type 1 diabetes in dogs by ethanolic extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus

Antiinflammatory Lupeol and Antidiabetic Compound Coexist in Ethyl Acetate and n-Hexane Extracts from Stem Bark of Anogeissus leiocarpus (African Birch Tree): The Therapeutic Advantages

“…Irrespective of the aetiology of the injury to the live tissue, a cut, torn or burnt area or infected with microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, protozoa, metazoan, viruses and their accompanying toxins), chemical poisons, mechanical or thermal and immune processes, increased vascular permeability and inflammatory oedema (exudates) develop, with production of inflammatory biomarkers, such as the significantly higher cytokine associated acute phase reaction and highly sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) variously reported in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) afflicted people 1,2,3,4,5,6 . Similar increases occurred in alloxaninduced type 1 diabetic (T1DM) dogs 7 . The increases of these inflammatory cytokine associated biomarkers were ascribed to the chronic hyperglycaemia-induced injuries, with multiple risk factors of microvascular and macrovascular damages of ISSN: 2250-1177…”

“…Worldwide increases in T2DM with complications of nephropathy and retinopathy placed DM as a leading cause of death, come 2030 by WHO, with a frightening projection for 2035 12 , and an unresolved health challenge for the 21 st century 14 . The worrisome social menace from the risk factor induced by the chronic hyperglycaemia of diabetes on the mortality of COVID-19, obesity, which is a predisposing factor of diabetes and in particular, the delayed or non-healing wounds, diabetic ulcers, which led to amputations of limbs at some instance had been summarized 7,15,16,17,18 .…”

Effect of Extract (Interface) from Stem Bark of Antidiabetic Anogeissus leiocarpus (African Birch Tree) on Random Blood Glucose Levels of Adult Female Wistar Rats: Optimisation for Therapeutic Hypoglycaemic Dose

“…Worldwide increases in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) without and with microvascular and macrovascular complications of nephropathy and retinopathy implied that DM may become a leading cause of death, by WHO, come 2030 but a worse situation was projected for 2035 1 , thus creating challenging unresolved health concerns for the 21 st century 2 . This has impacted on the global economy and the national budgets of numerous countries worldwide; the direct consequences of the risk factors induced by DM on the progression, prognosis and mortality of COVID-19, obesity, as a predisposing factor of DM and delayed wound healing or diabetic ulcers that led to amputation of limbs with their accompanying social menace had been highlighted earlier 3,4,5,6,7 .…”

“…From numerous studies 3,4,5,6,7,12,13 one medicinal plant, Anogeissus leiocarpus stand out. Crude ethanolic extracts of A. leiocarpus stem bark modulated sialic acids of plasma glycoproteins and red blood cells and revealed elevated serum sialic acids as a potent biomarker, predictive and prognostic in alloxan-induced diabetic dogs 3 .…”

“…From numerous studies 3,4,5,6,7,12,13 one medicinal plant, Anogeissus leiocarpus stand out. Crude ethanolic extracts of A. leiocarpus stem bark modulated sialic acids of plasma glycoproteins and red blood cells and revealed elevated serum sialic acids as a potent biomarker, predictive and prognostic in alloxan-induced diabetic dogs 3 . In addition, the crude ethanolic extracts ameliorated hyperglycaemia, hepato-renal damages, deranged electrolytes, acid-base balance and enhanced haematopoiesis in alloxan-induced diabetic dogs, further exhibiting a promise to prevent progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus since there was no reversal to hyperglycaemic state following withdrawal of administration of the extracts 4 .…”