Elevated urinary phenol levels not related to benzene exposure

Fishbeck, William A.; Langner, Ralph R.; Kociba, R.J.

doi:10.1080/0002889758507348

Cited by 39 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…[71][72][73][74] Of more importance to the general population is the use of some over-the-counter medications such as Pepto-Bismol and Chloraseptic lozenges. 75 In a trial of Pepto-Bismol, urinary phenol concentration increased over 40-fold, reaching a concentration of 260 p.p.m. in a volunteer who ingested 1 oz of Pepto-Bismol every hour for 8 h Leukemia (Figure 2).…”

Section: Medicinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The other important factors affecting reported phenol values are variation in sampling and adjustment for gravity and creatinine. Phenol levels are typically reported as a concentration, mass per mass creatinine, or total mass excreted in 24 h. Data from Refs 47,50,51,54,57,58,75,107,108. flora. Below we discuss these sources and also describe additional host and environmental factors that affect the variability of the background levels of the phenolic compounds.…”

Section: Sources Of Phenol and Hydroquinone In 'Unexposed' Peoplementioning

confidence: 99%

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Hypothesis: Phenol and hydroquinone derived mainly from diet and gastrointestinal flora activity are causal factors in leukemia

et al. 2001

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High background levels of phenol and hydroquinone are present in the blood and urine of virtually all individuals, but vary widely. Phenol and hydroquinone have been strongly implicated in producing leukemia associated with benzene exposure, because they reproduce the hematotoxicity of benzene, cause DNA and chromosomal damage found in leukemia, inhibit topoisomerase II, and alter hematopoiesis and clonal selection. The widely varying background levels of phenol and hydroquinone in control individuals stem mainly from direct dietary ingestion, catabolism of tyrosine and other substrates by gut bacteria, ingestion of arbutin-containing foods, cigarette smoking, and the use of some over-the-counter medicines. We hypothesize that these background sources of phenol and hydroquinone and associated adducts play a causal role in producing some forms of de novo leukemia in the general population. This hypothesis is consistent with recent epidemiological findings associating leukemia with diets rich in meat and protein, the use of antibiotics (which change gastrointestinal flora make-up), lack of breastfeeding, and low activity of NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase which detoxifies quinones derived from phenol and hydroquinone and protects against benzene hematotoxicity. An attractive feature of our hypothesis is that it may explain why many people who have no known occupational exposures or significant smoking history develop leukemia. The hypothesis predicts that susceptibility to the disease would be related to diet, medicinal intake, genetics and gut-flora composition. The latter two of these are largely beyond our control, and thus dietary modification and reduced use of medicines that elevate phenol levels may be the best intervention strategies for lowering leukemia risk. Leukemia (2001) 15, 10-20.

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Section: Medicinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sources Of Phenol and Hydroquinone In 'Unexposed' Peoplementioning

confidence: 99%

Hypothesis: Phenol and hydroquinone derived mainly from diet and gastrointestinal flora activity are causal factors in leukemia

et al. 2001

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“…The concentration of free urinary phenol peaked at 25 mg/l during the same period. Approximately 60 hours after the first dose, concentrations of both total and free urinary phenol returned to baseline levels (7 and 1 mg/l, respectively) (Fishbeck et al, 1975 …”

Section: Iii1 Hydrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 30, Revision 1 (FGE.30Rev1): 4‐Prop‐1‐enylphenol and 2‐methoxy‐4‐(prop‐1‐enyl)phenyl 3‐methylbutyrate from chemical group 17

Flavourings¹

2011

EFS2

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The Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes, Flavourings and Processing Aids of the European Food Safety Authority was requested to evaluate two flavouring substances in the Flavouring Group Evaluation 30, Revision 1, using the Procedure in Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000. None of the substances were considered to have genotoxic potential. The two substances were evaluated through a stepwise approach that integrates information on structure‐activity relationships, intake from current uses, toxicological threshold of concern, and available data on metabolism and toxicity. The Panel concluded that the two substances [FL‐no: 04.097, 09.894] do not give rise to safety concerns at their levels of dietary intake, estimated on the basis of the MSDI approach. Besides the safety assessment of these flavouring substances, the specifications for the materials of commerce have also been considered. For [FL‐no: 09.894] the composition of the stereoisomeric mixture needs to been specified.

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“…Approximately sixty hours after the first dose, both total and free urinary phenol levels returned to baseline levels (7 ppm and 1 ppm, respectively). Based on the presented data, for the phenol moiety a total urinary recovery of 130 % could be calculated after subtraction of the baseline phenol excretion (Fishbeck et al, 1975). From the urinary excretion of phenol, it can be concluded that phenyl salicylate is probably completely hydrolysed, either in the GI-tract or after absorption.…”

Section: Ester Hydrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 22, Revision 1 (FGE.22Rev1): Ring‐substituted phenolic substances from chemical groups 21 and 25

Flavourings¹

2011

EFS2

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The Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes, Flavourings and Processing Aids of the European Food Safety Authority was requested to evaluate 28 flavouring substances in the Flavouring Group Evaluation 22, Revision 1, using the Procedure in Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000. The substance 3,4-methylenedioxyphenol [FL-no: 04.080] was reported to have a genotoxic potential in vitro, while in vivo studies were not available. Therefore, the Panel concluded that the Procedure could not be applied to this substance until adequate genotoxicity data become available. The remaining 27 substances were evaluated through a stepwise approach (the Procedure) that integrates information on structure-activity relationships, intake from current uses, toxicological threshold of concern, and available data on metabolism and toxicity. The Panel concluded that these 27 candidate substances do not give rise to safety concerns at their levels of dietary intake, estimated on the basis of the MSDI approach. Adequate specifications for the materials of commerce are available for all 27 flavouring substances evaluated through the Procedure.

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Elevated urinary phenol levels not related to benzene exposure

Cited by 39 publications

References 0 publications

Hypothesis: Phenol and hydroquinone derived mainly from diet and gastrointestinal flora activity are causal factors in leukemia

Hypothesis: Phenol and hydroquinone derived mainly from diet and gastrointestinal flora activity are causal factors in leukemia

Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 30, Revision 1 (FGE.30Rev1): 4‐Prop‐1‐enylphenol and 2‐methoxy‐4‐(prop‐1‐enyl)phenyl 3‐methylbutyrate from chemical group 17

Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 22, Revision 1 (FGE.22Rev1): Ring‐substituted phenolic substances from chemical groups 21 and 25

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