Elevation of plasma soluble human leukocyte antigen–G in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection

HLA-G genetic variants and hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis

“…Specifically, the latter two viruses are involved in chronic liver injury that could be followed by malignant transformation (hepatocellular carcinoma). Increased expression of HLA-G has been associated either with HBV infection, via increased viral load (Souto et al, 2011), or HCV infection (Weng et al, 2011). Moreover, in early stages of HCVassociated liver infection, both soluble and membrane bound HLA-G protein production are increased (de Oliveira Crispim et al, 2012;Amiot et al, 2014).…”

Upregulation of soluble and membrane-bound human leukocyte antigen G expression is primarily observed in the milder histopathological stages of chronic hepatitis C virus infection

“…Recently, Weng et al reported that plasma soluble HLA-G levels were dramatically altered in individuals with chronic HCV infection; however, expression of HLA-G in live and its role in HCV infection remain unknown [15].…”

Soluble human leukocyte antigen–G serum levels in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome affected by different disease-defining conditions before and after antiretroviral treatment

“…Modifications of HLA-G membrane expression and sHLA-G serum levels have been found also in viral infections. In fact, the following have been observed: (1) the per- centage of HLA-G-positive T lymphocytes and monocytes was significantly increased in H1N1v and seasonal H1N1 influenza virusinfected patients, whereas plasma sHLA-G levels were not significantly modified [14]; (2) plasma sHLA-G levels were markedly elevated in patients with chronic hepatitis C but did not correlate with viral load and genotype [16]; (3) soluble and membrane-bound HLA-G expression was upregulated in hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells of patients with chronic hepatitis B infection, although no associations between the intensity of HLA-G expression and patient age or gender, HBeAg status, severity of liver fibrosis, and grade of histologic findings were observed [15]; and (4) the percentage of HLA-G-positive monocytes and soluble plasma HLA-G level were significantly increased in patients with active cytomegalovirus infection [17].…”

“…Interestingly, both HLA-G membrane expression and sHLA-G serum levels are increased in viral infections, including influenza [14], hepatitis B and C [15,16], cytomegalovirus [17], and HIV-1 infections [18 -20]. We have previously reported that the serum levels of sHLA-A, -B, -C, and sHLA-G are significantly elevated in HIV-infected subjects, that their increase correlates with disease progression and development of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and that their decrease significantly correlates with virologic and immunologic response to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) [21][22][23].…”