Elevations in EEG Power Spectra During the Recall of Sport Failure Amongst University Athletes

Abstract

Previously, we showed that university athletes demonstrate cardiac reactivity resembling an acute stress response while recalling a previous sport failure. Athletes who reported higher levels of self- compassion showed greater elevation of parasympathetic nervous system reactivity during recall of failure, and also showed more adaptive behavioural reactions, less maladaptive thoughts, and less negative affect during the task. Here, we analyzed changes in power spectra of the electroencephalogram (EEG) before, during, and after the recall of a previous sports failure, and whether individual differences in self-compassion or related constructs impact EEG changes during recall. Significant reactivity to, and recovery from, the recall task was observed across all EEG bandwidths: delta power decreased, and theta, low alpha, high alpha, low beta, and high beta power all increased from baseline to recall. Analogous EEG power changes were observed during recovery: delta power increased, while theta, low alpha, high alpha, low beta, and high beta power all decreased to baseline levels. Large gender differences were observed, with females generally showing greater EEG power across bandwidths during all phases of the experiment. Higher levels of self-compassion were associated with reduced theta power at baseline and during the recovery phase. Reactivity and recovery scores of EEG power were associated with self-reported self-esteem in the low alpha band: individuals reporting higher self-esteem showed greater increases in low alpha power during the recall task and greater decreases in low alpha power during recovery. These results are amongst the first to examine EEG power changes during experiences of acute stress and may have implications for improving how athletes recover from failures in sporting events.

Bioinformatics of Serious Leisure in Playing Video Games and Learning English as a Sustainable Activity

“…Little or lack of research thus far was conducted to investigate alterations in electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectra when playing video games and studying English. EEG power spectra are typically examined through frequency range consisting of delta (0.5-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-13 Hz), and beta (13-30 Hz) [15][16][17]. An alpha frequency range is considered relevant to a feeling of relaxation without attention whereas beta power is related to the activation of the brain in active processing when on task [15,16,18,19].…”

“…EEG power spectra are typically examined through frequency range consisting of delta (0.5-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-13 Hz), and beta (13-30 Hz) [15][16][17]. An alpha frequency range is considered relevant to a feeling of relaxation without attention whereas beta power is related to the activation of the brain in active processing when on task [15,16,18,19]. The theta rhythm is brought on by early drowsiness or in a state of deep meditation [17,18] while the delta rhythm has been associated with the absence of consciousness or seen in the state of deep sleep [18,19].…”