ELISA-Based Assay for Studying Major and Minor Group Rhinovirus–Receptor Interactions

Abstract

Rhinovirus (RV) infections are a major cause of recurrent common colds and trigger severe exacerbations of chronic respiratory diseases. Major challenges for the development of vaccines for RV include the virus occurring in the form of approximately 160 different serotypes, using different receptors, and the need for preclinical models for the screening of vaccine candidates and antiviral compounds. We report the establishment and characterization of an ELISA-based assay for studying major and minor group RV–receptor interactions. This assay is based on the interaction of purified virus with plate-bound human receptor proteins, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). Using RV strain-specific antibodies, we demonstrate the specific binding of a panel of major and minor RV group types including RV-A and RV-B strains to ICAM-1 and LDLR, respectively. We show that the RV–receptor interaction can be blocked with receptor-specific antibodies as well as with soluble receptors and neutralizing RV-specific antibodies. The assay is more sensitive than a cell culture-based virus neutralization test. The ELISA assay will therefore be useful for the preclinical evaluation for preventive and therapeutic strategies targeting the RV–receptor interaction, such as vaccines, antibodies, and anti-viral compounds.

Review: The Nose as a Route for Therapy. Part 2 Immunotherapy

“…The majority of RVs infect the respiratory epithelium via binding to their receptor ICAM-1, minor group RVs bind to the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and RV-C to cadherin-related family member 3 (CDHR3). Models for the first two virus-receptor interactions are available but RV-C is still difficult to isolate and propagate ( 184 ). RV-infections cause damage of the respiratory epithelium and local inflammation of the Th1 phenotype with production of inflammatory cytokines, leukocyte infiltrations and activation of the innate immune system ( 185 ).…”

Establishment of RT-RPA-Cas12a assay for rapid and sensitive detection of human rhinovirus B

“…In view of the rapid rise in cases of infections caused by HRVs in individuals, it has become imperative to exploit rapid and more approachable detection methods for diagnosis of HRVs infection. Currently, the detection of viral antigens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [13], and detection of HRVs RNA by RT-qPCR [14,15] are considered as the two most promising methods for timely diagnosis of patients who are at risk for HRVs infections. These methods have high sensitivity and speci city, but their implementation requires well-trained personnel, as well as expensive and technically complex instruments, and it would be di cult to use in a point-of-care setting.…”