Elsholtzia: A genus with antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory advantages

Elsholtzia fruticosa is an ornamental plant with high medicinal value. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of the species. The complete cp sequence is 151,550 bp, including the large single-copy (LSC) region of 82,778 bp, the small single-copy (SSC) region of 17,492 bp, and a pair of invert repeats (IRs) regions of 25,640 bp. It encodes 132 unique genes in total, including 87 protein-coding genes, 37 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and eight ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs). The comparative analysis of complete cp genomes showed that the genomic structure and gene order of E. fruticosa cps were conserved. The sequences of rps15 , rps19 , ycf1 , ycf3 , ycf15 , psbL , psaI , trnG-UCC , trnS-GCU , trnR-UCU , trnL-UAG , trnP-UG , and trnL-UAA serve as hotspots for developing the DNA barcoding of Elsholtzia species. There are 49 SSR loci in the cp genome of E. fruticosa , among which the repeat numbers of mononucleotide, dinucleotide, trinucleotide, tetranucleotide, and pentanucleotides SSR are 37, 9, 3, 0, and 0, respectively. A total of 50 repeats were detected, including 15 forward repeats, seven reverse repeats, 26 palindromic repeats, and two complementary repeats. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete cp genome and protein-coding DNA sequences of 26 plants indicates that E. fruticosa has a dose relationship with E. splendens and E. byeonsanensis .

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“… 2022 ), Elsholtzia byeonsanensis ON040655.1 (Chen et al. 2022 ), Elsholtzia rugulosa MT473758.1 (Liu et al. 2022 ), Perilla frutescens var.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The complete chloroplast genome of Elsholtzia fruticosa (D. Don) Rehd. (Labiatae), an ornamental plant with high medicinal value

Song

Zhao

2023

Mitochondrial DNA Part B

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“…), more than 350 compounds have been identified, including monoterpenes, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, and alkaloids ( Wang et al, 2022 ). ECO mainly consists of small-molecule compounds such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes ( Chen S. et al, 2022 ). ECOs obtained from different origins, growth times, harvesting times, and extraction methods share many common chemical components, but also exhibit some differences.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of Elsholtzia ciliate essential oil against halitosis-related Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis

Wang

et al. 2023

Front. Microbiol.

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The broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of Elsholtzia ciliate essential oil (ECO) has been previously reported, but its effectiveness against halitosis-causing bacteria such as Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the bacteriostatic activity of ECO against planktonic cells and biofilms of F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis, as well as its ability to inhibit bacterial metabolism and production of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) at sub-lethal concentrations. Our findings revealed that ECO exhibited comparable activities to chlorhexidine against these oral bacteria. Treatment with ECO significantly reduced the production of VSCs, including hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and methanethiol, which are major contributors to bad breath. As the major chemical components of ECO, carvacrol, p-cymene, and phellandrene, were demonstrated in vitro inhibitory effects on F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis, and their combined use showed synergistic and additive effects, suggesting that the overall activity of ECO is derived from the cumulative or synergistic effect of multiple active components. ECO was found to have a destructive effect on the bacterial cell membrane by examining the cell morphology and permeability. Furthermore, the application of ECO induced significant changes in the bacterial composition of saliva-derived biofilm, resulting in the elimination of bacterial species that contribute to halitosis, including Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas, and Prevotella. These results provide experimental evidence for the potential clinical applications of ECOs in the prevention and treatment of halitosis.

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“…Its dry fruits and seeds are often used as cooking condiments, with a unique and rich aroma, and also used as valuable traditional medicines, such as for the obstruction of body dampness and turbidity, stomach deficiency and cold, and vomiting and diarrhea [ 5 , 6 ]. Recent studies have provided experimental evidence for the pharmacological activities of A. villosum Lour., such as anti-ulcer, anti-diarrhea, and anti-inflammation [ 7 ]. For example, Yin et al [ 8 ] reported that the extracted labdane and norlabdane diterpenoids from the rhizomes of A. villosum Lour.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibacterial Ingredients and Modes of the Methanol-Phase Extract from the Fruit of Amomum villosum Lour.

Zhang,

Cao,

Zhao

et al. 2024

Plants

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Epidemics of infectious diseases threaten human health and society stability. Pharmacophagous plants are rich in bioactive compounds that constitute a safe drug library for antimicrobial agents. In this study, we have deciphered for the first time antibacterial ingredients and modes of the methanol-phase extract (MPE) from the fruit of Amomum villosum Lour. The results have revealed that the antibacterial rate of the MPE was 63.64%, targeting 22 species of common pathogenic bacteria. The MPE was further purified by high performance liquid chromatography (Prep-HPLC), and three different constituents (Fractions 1–3) were obtained. Of these, the Fraction 2 treatment significantly increased the cell membrane fluidity and permeability, reduced the cell surface hydrophobicity, and damaged the integrity of the cell structure, leading to the leakage of cellular macromolecules of Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens (p < 0.05). Eighty-nine compounds in Fraction 2 were identified by ultra HPLC-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) analysis, among which 4-hydroxyphenylacetylglutamic acid accounted for the highest 30.89%, followed by lubiprostone (11.86%), miltirone (10.68%), and oleic acid (10.58%). Comparative transcriptomics analysis revealed significantly altered metabolic pathways in the representative pathogens treated by Fraction 2 (p < 0.05), indicating multiple antibacterial modes. Overall, this study first demonstrates the antibacterial activity of the MPE from the fruit of A. villosum Lour., and should be useful for its application in the medicinal and food preservative industries against common pathogens.

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Elsholtzia: A genus with antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory advantages

Cited by 12 publications

References 108 publications

The complete chloroplast genome of Elsholtzia fruticosa (D. Don) Rehd. (Labiatae), an ornamental plant with high medicinal value

The complete chloroplast genome of Elsholtzia fruticosa (D. Don) Rehd. (Labiatae), an ornamental plant with high medicinal value

Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of Elsholtzia ciliate essential oil against halitosis-related Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis

Antibacterial Ingredients and Modes of the Methanol-Phase Extract from the Fruit of Amomum villosum Lour.

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