“…Over the last 30 years a growing amount of research has shown how structural factors, including gender, race, and class, shape transmission patterns of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS (see Ayres and Ricardo, 1994;Aggleton, 1996;Singer, 1998;Parker and de Camargo, 2000;Parker, 2001;Farmer, 2004;Hunter, 2010;UNAIDS, 2018). One common theme, including in Latin America, is that dominant masculinities that value men's sexual conquests can increase a person's vulnerability to HIV infection both inside and outside marriage (Barbosa, 1999;Santos et al, 2009;Villela and Regina Barbosa, 2017;Monteiro et al, 2016;Agostini et al, 2018;Silva et al, 2014;Hirsch, 2015;Nelvo, 2018). 1 In Brazil, the country of study, the importance of race is demonstrated by National Epidemiological data that reveals particularly high infection rates among Black women (see Villela and Regina Barbosa, 2017;Monteiro et al, 2016;Brazilian Epidemiological Bulletin, 2020).…”