Embryo development in association with asymbiotic seed germination in vitro of Paphiopedilum armeniacum S. C. Chen et F. Y. Liu

Abstract

This paper documents the key anatomical features during the development of P. armeniacum zygotic embryos and their ability to germinate asymbiotically in vitro. This study also examines the effect of media and seed pretreatments on seed germination and subsequent seedling growth. Seeds collected from pods 45 days after pollination (DAP) did not germinate while 95 DAP seeds displayed the highest seed germination percentage (96.2%). Most seedlings (50%) developed to stage 5 from 110 DAP seeds whose compact testa had not yet fully formed. Suspensor cells were vacuolated, which enabled the functional uptake of nutrients. The optimum basal medium for seed germination and subsequent protocorm development was eighth-strength Murashige and Skoog (1/8MS) for 95 DAP seeds and ¼MS for 110 DAP seeds. Poor germination was displayed by 140 DAP seeds with a compact testa. Pretreatment of dry mature seeds (180 DAP) with 1.0% sodium hypochlorite solution for 90 min or 40 kHz of ultrasound for 8 min improved germination percentage from 0 to 29.2% or to 19.7%, respectively. Plantlets that were at least 5 cm in height were transplanted to a Zhijing stone substrate for orchids, and 85.3% of plantlets survived 180 days after transplanting.

DNA‐Based Nanofabrication: Pathway to Applications in Surface Engineering

“…On the other hand, ordered nanostructures having periodic variations of refractive index can create artificial colors because they can selectively reflect certain wavelength of light, like photonic crystals do. As an example, Figure G shows the deep blue color from a butter wing . The color originates from a lamella structure as shown in Figure H.…”

“…I) Photograph of a quartz substrate coated with a 11‐layer lamellae structure similar to (H), but fabricated by using poly(methyl methacrylate) using photolithography. G–I) Reproduced with permission . Copyright 2015, the Authors, published under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License by Springer Nature.…”

A Simple and Highly Sensitive Method for Quantitative Detection of Methyl Paraben and Phenol in Cosmetics Using Derivative Spectrophotometry and Multivariate Chemometric Techniques

“…The numerical values of 0.08 and 0.31 were the best RMSEP obtained with the SPA-MLR model and the first-derivative spectra for MP and PO, respectively, whereas, by using raw spectral data the values of 0.19 and 0.96 were obtained. A comparison of the results in Table 2 shows substantial differences in the methods used to model the data (PCR, PLS, and SPA-MLR [34][35][36] which could be due to the removal of the uninformative variables during the modeling process. It can be concluded that the limited number of wavelengths selected by SPA provides worthwhile information.…”

“…The elimination of collinearity during the SPA process is valuable because it reduces the propagation of measurement noise in calibration process, which leads to statistically stable MLR models. 36 In some cases, there would be nonlinear regions in the spectral response, which may cause significant problems in multivariate linear models such as SPA-MLR. In these circumstances, the application of multivariate linear models to approximate nonlinear response exhibits some limitations and poor statistical results.…”

Fabrication of nanoporous polymeric crystalline TiO2 composite for photocatalytic degradation of aqueous organic pollutants under visible light irradiation

“…These supports include zeolite, [17,18] mesoporous silicate, [19,20] Al 2 O 3 , [21][22][23] activated carbon [24,25] and porous polymer. [26][27][28] Among these supports, porous polymer is one of the most potential supports. The porous polymer not only increases the surface area and porosity of photocatalyst, but also extends the spectral response of photocatalyst into the visible region.…”