Embryo loss in cattle between Days 7 and 16 of pregnancy

Berg, D.K.; Leeuwen, Jessica van; Beaumont, S.; Berg, Martin C.; Pfeffer, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.09.005

Cited by 152 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…During elongation, the conceptus increases more than 1000-fold in size (Betteridge et al 1980, Grealy et al 1996, associated with an increase in total protein content (Grealy et al 1996, Morris et al 2000. Trophoblast length doubles daily between Days 9 and 16, with a particularly sharp increase from Day 13 to 14 (Berg et al 2010). As IFNT is produced solely by the conceptus trophectoderm, and there is a strong positive correlation between conceptus length and IFNT secretion (Kerbler et al 1997, conceptuses must therefore reach an adequate size in order to produce sufficient quantities of IFNT to prevent luteolysis.…”

Section: Variation In Conceptus Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

Interferon-tau and fertility in ruminants

Forde¹,

Lonergan²

2017

Reproduction

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Establishment of pregnancy in domestic ruminants includes pregnancy recognition signalling by the conceptus, implantation and placentation. Despite the high fertilisation success rate in ruminants, a significant amount of embryo loss occurs, primarily during early gestation. Interferon-tau (IFNT), a type I interferon that is exclusively secreted by the cells of the trophectoderm of the ruminant conceptus, has been recognised as the primary agent for maternal recognition of pregnancy in ruminants. It produces its antiluteolytic effect on the corpus luteum by inhibiting the expression of oxytocin receptors in the uterine epithelial cells, which prevents pulsatile, luteolytic secretion of prostaglandin F2α by the uterine endometrium. While the importance of IFNT in maternal recognition of pregnancy and prevention of luteolysis in ruminants is unequivocal, important questions, for example, relating to the threshold level of IFNT required for pregnancy maintenance, remain unanswered. This paper reviews data linking IFNT with measures of fertility in ruminants. Reproduction (2017) 154 F33-F43

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Section: Variation In Conceptus Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

Interferon-tau and fertility in ruminants

Forde¹,

Lonergan²

2017

Reproduction

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“…The majority of pregnancy loss in dairy cows occurs during the first 2 months of pregnancy (Santos et al 2004, Diskin & Morris 2008. There is an initial period of pregnancy loss between day 14 and 20 after fertilization when the elongating embryo is secreting interferon-tau for maternal recognition of pregnancy (Thatcher et al 1995, Berg et al 2010. A second major period of pregnancy loss occurs after this (up until day 60 of gestation).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pregnancy development from day 28 to 42 of gestation in postpartum Holstein cows that were either milked (lactating) or not milked (not lactating) after calving

Green¹,

Meyer²,

Williams³

et al. 2012

Reproduction

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The objective was to determine if lactation affects fetal and placental development from day 28 to 42 of gestation. Bos taurus Holstein cows were assigned to one of the two treatments immediately after parturition (lactating (nZ23) or nonlactating (dried off immediately after calving; nZ20)). Cows were inseminated at w60 days postpartum with semen from a single ejaculate. Pregnant cows were slaughtered at 1 of 3 days of gestation (day 28, 35, or 42) and tissues were collected. The interval to first insemination, services per conception, and days to pregnancy were similar for lactating and nonlactating cows. Lactating cows had greater plasma GH and nonesterified fatty acids. Nonlactating cows had greater plasma glucose, insulin, and IGF1. There was no effect of lactation on plasma progesterone or estradiol concentrations. Lactation had a negative effect on the weight of the fetus and placenta (weights were less in lactating cows). Fetuses collected from cows that became pregnant after first insemination were heavier than fetuses collected from cows that became pregnant after second or third insemination. Pregnancy after first insemination was associated with greater blood glucose and IGF1 during the first 30 days postpartum. The conclusions were that lactation negatively affects the growth of fetal and placental tissues perhaps through a mechanism that involves hormones and metabolites that are affected by lactation. Fetal growth within cows conceiving at first insemination compared to second or third insemination was more rapid and was associated with greater blood glucose and IGF1 early postpartum (before day 30).

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“…However, it was abnormal since it was considerably delayed. This could be due to the high number of embryos/blastocysts transferred to a single recipient (7,47).Elongation has long been characterized (31) by the transition from a spherical blastocyst [150 m, at 7-8 days postinsemination (dpi)] to a filamentous conceptus (Ͼ20 cm, by 19 -20 dpi). By D14, the conceptus becomes tubular in shape (20 to 50 mm).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it was abnormal since it was considerably delayed. This could be due to the high number of embryos/blastocysts transferred to a single recipient (7,47).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energy and lipid metabolism gene expression of D18 embryos in dairy cows is related to dam physiological status

Valour

Degrelle

Ponter

et al. 2014

Physiological Genomics

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We analyzed the change in gene expression related to dam physiological status in day (D)18 embryos from growing heifers (GH), early lactating cows (ELC), and late lactating cows (LLC). Dam energy metabolism was characterized by measurement of circulating concentrations of insulin, glucose, IGF-1, nonesterified fatty acids, ␤-hydroxybutyrate, and urea before embryo flush. The metabolic parameters were related to differential gene expression in the extraembryonic tissues by correlation analysis. Embryo development estimated by measuring the length of the conceptuses and the proportion of expected D18 gastrulating stages was not different between the three groups of females. However, embryo metabolism was greatly affected by dam physiological status when we compared GH with ELC and GH with LLC but to a lesser extent when ELC was compared with LLC. Genes involved in glucose, pyruvate, and acetate utilization were upregulated in GH vs. ELC conceptuses (e.g., SLC2A1, PC, ACSS2, ACSS3). This was also true for the pentose pathway (PGD, TKT), which is involved in synthesis of ribose precursors of RNA and DNA. The pathways involved in lipid synthesis were also upregulated in GH vs. ELC. Despite similar morphological development, the molecular characteristics of the heifers' embryos were consistently different from those of the cows. Most of these differences were strongly related to metabolic/hormone patterns before insemination and during conceptus free-life. Many biosynthetic pathways appeared to be more active in heifer embryos than in cow embryos, and consequently they seemed to be healthier, and this may be more conducive to continue development. dairy cow; fertility; energy balance; energy metabolism; conceptus development; gene expression; correlations IN THE MODERN HOLSTEIN cow, calving rates are close to 55-60% in heifers and 35-40% in lactating cows (39,73). Most pregnancy losses occur prior to the period of maternal recognition and maintenance of the corpus luteum, i.e., before days 15-17 (D15-D17) after artificial insemination (AI), and are due to nonfertilization-early embryonic loss (NF-EEL, Refs. 22,35,73). NF-EEL can be estimated in field trials by measuring plasma or milk progesterone concentrations the day of AI and 21-24 days later. The frequency of NF-EEL has been reported to be between 25 and 45% in lactating Holstein cows (26,32,35,52), and it has increased from the 1980s (22).Age/parity, uterine health (nulliparous heifers vs. postpartum cows), and metabolic and endocrine environment are factors that can explain differences in reproductive efficiency. Maternal metabolism is known to influence fertility. Milk production, body condition score (BCS), postpartum BCS variations, negative energy balance (NEB), and quantity and quality of dietary protein supply are related to pregnancy rate (reviews Refs. 15,40,45,65,73,76). This effect might be explained partly by the clearance of progesterone in highproducing dairy cows (22) and by poor oocyte quality (43), which impair fertilization ability and early e...

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Embryo loss in cattle between Days 7 and 16 of pregnancy

Cited by 152 publications

References 33 publications

Interferon-tau and fertility in ruminants

Interferon-tau and fertility in ruminants

Pregnancy development from day 28 to 42 of gestation in postpartum Holstein cows that were either milked (lactating) or not milked (not lactating) after calving

Energy and lipid metabolism gene expression of D18 embryos in dairy cows is related to dam physiological status

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