Emergent Approaches to Efficient and Sustainable Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production

Abstract

Petroleum-derived plastics dominate currently used plastic materials. These plastics are derived from finite fossil carbon sources and were not designed for recycling or biodegradation. With the ever-increasing quantities of plastic wastes entering landfills and polluting our environment, there is an urgent need for fundamental change. One component to that change is developing cost-effective plastics derived from readily renewable resources that offer chemical or biological recycling and can be designed to have properties that not only allow the replacement of current plastics but also offer new application opportunities. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) remain a promising candidate for commodity bioplastic production, despite the many decades of efforts by academicians and industrial scientists that have not yet achieved that goal. This article focuses on defining obstacles and solutions to overcome cost-performance metrics that are not sufficiently competitive with current commodity thermoplastics. To that end, this review describes various process innovations that build on fed-batch and semi-continuous modes of operation as well as methods that lead to high cell density cultivations. Also, we discuss work to move from costly to lower cost substrates such as lignocellulose-derived hydrolysates, metabolic engineering of organisms that provide higher substrate conversion rates, the potential of halophiles to provide low-cost platforms in non-sterile environments for PHA formation, and work that uses mixed culture strategies to overcome obstacles of using waste substrates. We also describe historical problems and potential solutions to downstream processing for PHA isolation that, along with feedstock costs, have been an Achilles heel towards the realization of cost-efficient processes. Finally, future directions for efficient PHA production and relevant structural variations are discussed.

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Nanocomposites with Cellulose Nanocrystals

“…In recent years, efforts have been made to eliminate these disadvantages. For example, in order to reduce the production costs of PHB, the replacement of the noble carbon sources such as glucose, mannose, and lactose [ 34 ] with low-cost agro-industrial byproducts and residues has been proposed [ 35 ]. Waste glycerol from biodiesel fuel production [ 36 ], corn waste [ 37 ], wheat straw [ 38 ], rice straw [ 39 ], dairy waste [ 40 ], sugarcane vinasse, and molasses [ 41 ] are just a few of the industrial and agricultural by-products and residues that were successfully employed as carbon sources in the obtaining of PHB by microbial fermentation [ 42 ].…”

The Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and PHA-Based Nanoparticles

“…PHAs differentiate themselves from other synthetic polymers on the market because they are ecologically benign and can cohabit happily with living tissues, making them a great resource [155]. They can be formulated and refined for use in agriculture, packaging, molding products, paper coatings, adhesives, films, and performance additives [156].…”

From waste to wealth: upcycling of plastic and lignocellulosic wastes to PHAs

“…Different approaches have been applied to address the cost reduction challenge, including strain engineering, investigation of low-cost feedstock, and improvement of the downstream operation. [17][18][19][20] Up to date, PHAs have been integrated in certain packaging applications but are mostly used in niche applications, including targeting delivery or biomedical use. 21 Table 1 recapitulates the major challenges that must be addressed to foster PHA development.…”