Emerging and re-emerging viruses affecting the nervous system

Abstract

Emerging and re-emerging viruses may cause meningitis, encephalitis, meningoencephalomyelitis, encephalitis, Guillian-Barré-like-syndromes as well as strokes. Most important viruses belong to the family of Adenoviridae, Arbovirus, Arenaviridae, Herpesviridae, Picornaviridae, Paramyxoviridae as well as Togaviridae. Clinical presentation usually consists of a biphasic presentation. Non-specific febrile illnesses may be accompanied by rash, headache, arthralgia and myalgia. Thereafter focal neurological signs may evolve. Diagnostic strategies for the detection of emerging and re-emerging viruses may be difficult due to the short viraemic period. Pitfalls in serology may be due to antibody crossreactivity. Arboviruses are transmitted by arthropods. Aedes mosquitos are one of the vectors for arboviruses like Chikungunya-virus, Dengue-virus, Japanese-Encephalitis-B-virus and West-Nile-virus. Since the last centuries Aedes mosquitos have spread from their naturally habitat in Africa to America as well as Europe. The arboviruses risk profile depend essentially on the occurrence, the activity of the respective vector, this may be the key to fight the disease and its spread. Due to global shifts in the ecological balance but also as a result of more or less successful control measures, some diseases have become rarer, others are more common. The viruses persist in the respective vector months to years; in ticks they may persist for years and in mosquitoes 1 to 4 months. In order to survive bad climatic conditions unscathed, the viruses partially overwinter in arthropods.

Therapeutic Significance of microRNA-Mediated Regulation of PARP-1 in SARS-CoV-2 Infection

“…It is widely postulated that SARS-CoV-2 may employ the "Trojan horse model" of viral pathogenesis in the CNS [80,81]. The viral particles traverse through the blood brain barrier (BBB) via transcytosis and paracellular mechanisms, predominantly via the destabilization of endothelial tight junctions [82][83][84]. The hijacking of integral transport mechanisms by viral particles from the blood stream to the brain parenchyma is exacerbated as a result of induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, causing severe BBB dysfunction and a productive infection cycle in the cellular constituents of brain parenchyma [83,84].…”

“…The viral particles traverse through the blood brain barrier (BBB) via transcytosis and paracellular mechanisms, predominantly via the destabilization of endothelial tight junctions [82][83][84]. The hijacking of integral transport mechanisms by viral particles from the blood stream to the brain parenchyma is exacerbated as a result of induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, causing severe BBB dysfunction and a productive infection cycle in the cellular constituents of brain parenchyma [83,84]. Given that PARP-1 is ubiquitously expressed across all tissue types with higher expression in the brain (Figure 3), it is plausible that PARP-1 may be exploited as a useful therapeutic target.…”

Immunoinformatics and Computer-Aided Drug Design as New Approaches against Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases

“…The variations of the global population have been contributing to the growth and density in per capita, resettlement to the city area, international tourism, migration, and retaining density that directly or indirectly leads to the infectious virus disease [37]. However, there are some intentional reasons too responsible for the emerging and re-emerging virus such as the deliverance of sexual practice, enhanced childcare beyond the family, alcohol and drug abuse, food supply, transportation, and immunization practices [32]. Moreover, the environmental and land use causes of global warming, deforestation, and natural disasters such as floods, drought, and El Nino effect will be the lead to current and future infectious diseases [38].…”

“…As a result, a variety of pathogens were discovered in a short time. Nowadays, microbiomes naturally adapt to their environment for survival causing a wide range of microorganisms that Emerging and re-emerging virus figure out with the inauguration periods [32,33].…”

Neutrophil Recruitment and Participation in Severe Diseases Caused by Flavivirus Infection

“…Upon the bite by a hematophagous arthropod vector, neurotropic flaviviruses are released in the skin, interact with resident mononuclear phagocytes and propagate to the draining lymph nodes, where other leukocytes become subsequently infected. Through mechanisms that have not yet been completely elucidated, neurotropic flaviviruses invade the central nervous system (CNS), infecting and activating cells, which culminates in encephalitis [ 92 , 93 ]. JEV alone results in approximately 60,000 deaths every year, most of which are children [ 94 ].…”