Emerging Proteins in CRPC: Functional Roles and Clinical Implications

Abstract

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer in men in the western world, but the lack of specific and sensitive markers often leads to overtreatment of prostate cancer which eventually develops into castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Novel protein markers for diagnosis and management of CRPC will be promising. In this review, we systematically summarize and discuss the expression pattern of emerging proteins in tissue, cell lines, and serum when castration-sensitive prostate cancer (CSPC) progresses to CRPC; focus on the proteins involved in CRPC growth, invasion, metastasis, metabolism, and immune microenvironment; summarize the current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of emerging proteins in CSPC progressed to CRPC at the molecular level; and finally summarize the clinical applications of emerging proteins as diagnostic marker, prognostic marker, predictive marker, and therapeutic marker.

Recent Advances and Future Directions in the Management of Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer using Androgen Receptor Signaling Inhibitors and Poly-adipose Polymerase Inhibitors: a Literature Review

“…In the US, a veteran-based study was conducted from 2007 -2017. The result shows that the prevalence of nmCRPC and mCRPC was estimated at around 2.1% of prostatic cancer cases (13,818), of which the proportion was 49.8% and 50.2% respectively [6]. Another study was conducted in the US from 2008 -2018.…”

“…The abnormal pathway is hypothesized to involve mutation of AR, and altered AR splicing. The non-AR pathway involves mechanisms such as glucocorticoid receptor induction, DNA repair pathway, hedgehog pathway, PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, Wnt pathway, and non-coding RNAs (miRNAs and LncRNAs) [13][14][15]. AR overexpression is thought to be related to CRPC with 20.3% of CRPC patients exhibiting upregulation of AR expression compared to just 2% in HSPC.…”

Aldehyde dehydrogenase in solid tumors and other diseases: Potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets

“…218 A recent study by Kong et al discovers that ALDH5A1 is upregulated upon the knockdown of a prostate-specific antigen in PCa cells, accompanied by reduced tumorigenesis and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. 219 Hence, ALDH5A1 may act as an oncogene or tumor suppressor in various human cancers and is strongly associated with the clinical outcomes.…”

Emerging proteins involved in castration‑resistant prostate cancer via the AR‑dependent and AR‑independent pathways (Review)

“…Researchers have found and validated many differentially expressed proteins from primary PCa and CRPC clinical tissue samples (22). Emerging proteins in CRPC have been identified from various sources, including human tissues, mouse xenografts, cell lines and human serum or urine samples (23). Therefore, the present review focuses on the expression and function of proteins in patients with CRPC, particularly whether they can regulate AR expression or translation activity.…”