Emerging Technology for a Green, Sustainable Energy-Promising Materials for Hydrogen Storage, from Nanotubes to Graphene—A Review

Abstract

The energetic and climate crises should pose a challenge for scientists in finding solutions in the field of renewable, green energy sources. Throughout more than two decades, the search for new opportunities in the energy industry made it possible to observe the potential use of hydrogen as an energy source. One of the greatest challenges faced by scientists for the sake of its use as an energy source is designing safe, usable, reliable, and effective forms of hydrogen storage. Moreover, the manner in which hydrogen is to be stored is closely dependent on the potential use of this source of green energy. In stationary use, the aim is to achieve high volumetric density of the container. However, from the point of view of mobile applications, an extremely important aspect is the storage of hydrogen, using lightweight tanks of relatively high density. That is why, a focus of scientists has been put on the use of carbon-based materials and graphene as a perspective solution in the field of H2 storage. This review focuses on the comparison of different methods for hydrogen storage, mainly based on the carbon-based materials and focuses on efficiently using graphene and its different forms to serve a purpose in the future H2-based economy.

Greener Approach Towards Synthesis of Palladium‐Decorated Graphene Derivatives for Hydrogen Adsorption

“…A new approach relies on its storage in various materials. [13] However, due to the physical characteristics of hydrogen, it is still a big challenge to find materials for its efficient storage. Scientists are constantly trying to meet the targets set for 2025 by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) for a hydrogen storage system including gravimetric density of 0.055 kg H 2 /kg, volumetric density of 1.3 kg H 2 /L, operating temperature in the range of À 40 °C to 60 °C, system recharging time in 3 to 5 min, good reversibility, and low cost.…”

“…Currently, hydrogen is stored in the form of compressed gas or cryogenic liquid. A new approach relies on its storage in various materials [13] . However, due to the physical characteristics of hydrogen, it is still a big challenge to find materials for its efficient storage.…”

“…Therefore, the search for the right materials is still ongoing, and carbon‐based materials are among the studied ones. According to Jastrzębski and Kula, [13] graphene‐based materials have the highest potential for the global usage of hydrogen in automobile applications, among other frequently used carbon‐based materials such as fullerenes, nanotubes, and activated carbons. Other promising hydrogen adsorbents are zeolites, metal‐organic frameworks, and porous coordination polymers [15,16] …”

Sustainable Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Synthesis of Advanced Carbon Materials in Multidimensional Applications: A Review

“…This demand, in turn, necessitates the development of rapid, cost-effective, scalable, and safe synthesis methods. These synthesis methods include electric arc-discharge, ionothermal, pulse laser ablation, chemical vapour deposition (CVD), and the pyrolysis of organic compounds/solvents, among other approaches [1][2][3][4]. However, these methods are known to be energy intensive, they require harsh conditions and chemicals, and they are quite expensive to carry out [5].…”

Solid Fraction of Digestate from Biogas Plant as a Material for Pellets Production

“…The depletion of fossil fuels is one of the main reasons for interest in renewable energy sources [1,2]. The second most important factor is the legal regulations related to environmental protection [3].…”