Emerging treatments for inflammatory bowel disease

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is characterized by chronic inflammation, a relapsing and remitting clinical course, requirement for lifelong medication and often, significant morbidity. While multiple effective therapeutic options exist for the treatment of IBD, a proportion of patients will either fail to respond or lose response to therapy. Advances in therapeutics, such as the gut-specific anti-integrins, now offer patients an alternative option to systemic immunosuppression. Anti-interleukin 12 (anti-IL-12)/IL-23 agents offer new and effective treatment options for CD, while the oral small molecules now offer an oral alternative for the treatment of moderate-to-severe disease, previously requiring subcutaneous injection or intravenous infusion. Alternatives to pharmacological treatment such as stem-cell transplant and faecal microbiota transplant are also showing some promise in the treatment of both CD and UC.

Phenolic and Non-Polar Fractions of the Extracts from Fruits, Leaves, and Twigs of Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson—The Implications for Human Barrier Cells

“…Genetic and environmental factors, intestinal microbiota, as well as immunological abnormalities are considered as predisposing to IBD development, although the exact cause remains still unknown. However, an inflammation associated with massive infiltration of immunocompetent cells into the lamina propria and increased production of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, the members of IL-23/Th17 pathway group) is characteristic for IBD [31,32]. Previously we did not demonstrate the cytotoxic activity of sea buckthorn phenolic fractions against HFF-1 up to 1 mg/mL for fruit and twig extracts and up to 500 µg/mL for leaf extract [20].…”

“…Such observation is reasonable in the context of these cells' localization and function. Intestinal epithelium as main barrier has a contact with a broad spectrum of alien antigens, thus it should characterize by some level of tolerance not to potentiate immune response that could lead to pathological changes, e.g., IBD [31,32]. While the main role of fibroblasts in skin barrier is replacement tissue formation and wound closure, which must be accompanied by inflammatory response to keep wound clean [40,42].…”

Serum Biomarkers for Inflammatory Bowel Disease

“…For the past few years, advances in novel IBD treatments have provided new options for these patients. Gut-specific-α4β7 integrin antibody (vedolizumab and etrolizumab) and IL-12/IL-23 inhibitors (ustekinumab and risankizumab) have shown therapeutic effect to patients who have refractory IBD or lose response to anti-TNF treatment (16)(17)(18). As more and more new therapies are put in clinical practice, precision medicine will become a vital challenge for IBD treatment.…”

Which long noncoding RNAs and circular RNAs contribute to inflammatory bowel disease?

“…Commonly prescribed drugs for IBD include 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, thalidomide, and biologicals 5,6 . However, these therapies cause adverse reactions, lead to a poor quality of life, and cannot achieve the treatment goals for IBD 7,8 . The etiology of IBD is not completely understood.…”