EMF Exposure in 5G Standalone mm-Wave Deployments: What Is the Impact of Downlink Traffic?

Chiaraviglio, Luca; Lodovisi, Chiara; Franci, D.; Pavoncello, Settimio; Merli, Elisabetta; Aureli, Tommaso; Melazzi, Nicola Blefari; Migliore, Marco Donald; Alouini, Mohamed‐Slim

doi:10.1109/ojcoms.2022.3200423

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…It is interesting also to note that the best estimate of Ēmax 5G is only slightly higher than the maximum field value measured using Channel Power measurements, reported in [22], equal to 0.07 V/m.…”

Section: B Field Level From Mpe Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 66%

Application of the Maximum Power Extrapolation Procedure for Human Exposure Assessment to 5G Millimeter Waves: Challenges and Possible Solutions

et al. 2022

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This paper describes an investigation on the application of the Maximum Power Extrapolation (MPE) technique on a fully operational Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) FR2-band 5G gNB. The data was acquired using a network scanner over nearly 10 minutes periods to allow a statistical analysis and an accurate estimation of the role of each contribution to the total uncertainty, including the fading affecting the 5G FR2 reference signal. The results show that the level of the electromagnetic field is well below the limits imposed by Italian legislation. However the goal of the paper is more fundamental, and shows an approach that can be used to identify the critical elements of the measurement set-up, suggesting where to concentrate efforts to improve the measurement procedure. In particular, the uncertainty budget highlights three contributions, (i.e. estimation of the traffic beam level, of the probe response and of the 5G FR2 reference signal) that deserve further investigations.

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Section: B Field Level From Mpe Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 66%

Application of the Maximum Power Extrapolation Procedure for Human Exposure Assessment to 5G Millimeter Waves: Challenges and Possible Solutions

et al. 2022

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Section: B Emf Assessments Of 5g Fwa Service Over Mm-wavementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second category of works related to our investigation deals with the assessment of 5G FWA service over mm-wave frequencies [21], [22]. Specifically, Chiaraviglio et al [21] investigate the EMF exposure from a FWA service operating at 27.2 [GHz]. They conclude that the exposure from the mm-Wave deployment is consistently very low, even when traffic is directed towards a laptop connected to the CPE.…”

Section: B Emf Assessments Of 5g Fwa Service Over Mm-wavementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compared to [21], [22], our work focuses on a different frequency range, centered on 3.5 [GHz], which is currently the most widely used option for realizing 5G FWA service, thanks to its balance of coverage and capacity capabilities. Additionally, the band used at 3.5 [GHz] is lower than the one available over mm-wave frequencies.…”

Section: B Emf Assessments Of 5g Fwa Service Over Mm-wavementioning

confidence: 99%

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Catch the Pitch of 5G FWA: EMF and Throughput Measurements of 3.5-GHz Standalone Deployment in a Baseball Stadium

Chiaraviglio

Lodovisi

Franci

et al. 2023

IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc.

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The provisioning of 5G technology does not only involve mobile terminals, but also new services such as Fixed Wireless Access (FWA). The aim of this study is to examine the ElectroMagnetic Field (EMF) and throughput performance of a FWA deployment utilizing Standalone technology operating at 3.5 GHz. To address the unique characteristics of 5G FWA signals, an innovative framework has been designed based on the measurement of 5G FWA spectrum using four independent chains and an additional traffic generation chain to saturate the radio link capacity at the measurement location. Methodologies for evaluating 5G FWA exposure under conservative conditions, such as measurements of exposure during active traffic generation and maximum power extrapolations, are also introduced. Results from real measurements taken at a baseball stadium show that 5G FWA exposure is consistently low, typically below 0.4 [V/m], with an upper bound of 0.59 [V/m], while the achieved throughput is up to 250 [Mbps]. Additionally, the measured 5G exposure levels are a small fraction compared to those emitted by other technologies such as 4G. Furthermore, the values estimated by simulation from the output power counters of the base station are found to be in close agreement with the measured exposure levels.

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“…In practice, 5G towers or terminals can artificially adjust the EMF exposure level while ensuring the quality of communication service [45]. Therefore, the instantaneous exposure level is dependent on the amount of traffic that is flown on the tower-to-user equipment (UE) communication link [46], [47]. Differently from these works, our approach is based on the exposure assessment over longer time scales (e.g., dozens of minutes and/or hours).…”

Section: E Transmit Power Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Much Exposure From 5G Towers Is Radiated Over Children, Teenagers, Schools and Hospitals?

Chiaraviglio

Lodovisi

Franci

et al. 2022

IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc.

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The rolling-out of 5G antennas over the territory is a fundamental step to provide 5G connectivity. However, little efforts have been done so far on the exposure assessment from 5G cellular towers over young people and "sensitive" buildings, like schools and medical centers. To face such issues, we provide a sound methodology for the numerical evaluation of 5G (and pre-5G) downlink exposure over children, teenagers, schools and medical centers. We then apply the proposed methodology over two real scenarios. Results reveal that the exposure from 5G cellular towers will increase in the forthcoming years, in parallel with the growth of the 5G adoption levels. However, the exposure levels are well below the maximum ones defined by international regulations. Moreover, the exposure over children and teenagers is similar to the one of the whole population, while the exposure over schools and medical centers can be lower than the one of the whole set of buildings. Finally, the exposure from 5G is strongly lower than the pre-5G one when the building attenuation is introduced and a maturity adoption level for 5G is assumed.

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EMF Exposure in 5G Standalone mm-Wave Deployments: What Is the Impact of Downlink Traffic?

Cited by 18 publications

References 24 publications

Application of the Maximum Power Extrapolation Procedure for Human Exposure Assessment to 5G Millimeter Waves: Challenges and Possible Solutions

Application of the Maximum Power Extrapolation Procedure for Human Exposure Assessment to 5G Millimeter Waves: Challenges and Possible Solutions

Catch the Pitch of 5G FWA: EMF and Throughput Measurements of 3.5-GHz Standalone Deployment in a Baseball Stadium

How Much Exposure From 5G Towers Is Radiated Over Children, Teenagers, Schools and Hospitals?

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