EMMPRIN/BASIGIN as a biological modulator of oral cancer and COVID-19 interaction: Novel propositions

Abstract

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Potential COVID‐19 Therapeutic Agents and Vaccines: An Evidence‐Based Review

“…ACE2 presents in the lower respiratory tract of humans and accelerates both the cross‐species and human‐to‐human transmissions. Also, CD147 (Basigin/Emmprin) relates to the immunoglobulin superfamily and is expressed in several tissues and cells, including neuronal and epithelial cells 11–14 . Besides the structural proteins, several nonstructural proteins, like RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), are responsible for duplicating genetic information and making the virus with high mutation ability 15 .…”

“…immunoglobulin superfamily and is expressed in several tissues and cells, including neuronal and epithelial cells. [11][12][13][14] Besides the structural proteins, several nonstructural proteins, like RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), are responsible for duplicating genetic information and making the virus with high mutation ability. 15 These properties cause a high diversity of coronaviruses, which can infect different hosts.…”

COVID-19 and Dentistry in 72 Questions: An Overview of the Literature

“…NRP1 is expressed in the differentiated epithelial cell layers of human normal tongue and in epithelial cells of human healthy salivary glands. The neuropilin-1 receptor is up-regulated in dysplastic epithelium and oral squamous cell carcinoma [ 200 , 201 , 202 , 203 , 204 ]. EMMPRIN expression is also up regulated in oral squamous cell carcinoma.…”

“…EMMPRIN expression is also up regulated in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Since ACE2 expression is depleted in oral squamous cell carcinoma, EMMPRIN receptor might be taken over for SARS-CoV-2 entry into cancer host cells [ 201 , 205 ]. The oral expression of all these factors indicate that oral cavity may be vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 invasion.…”

Underscoring the immense potential of chitosan in fighting a wide spectrum of viruses: A plausible molecule against SARS-CoV-2?

“…The results showed that upregulation of CD147 receptor in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients made them highly susceptible to COVID-19infection. The binding of the spike protein of coronavirus to CD147 receptor leads to its exhaustion and subsequent reduction in carcinogenesis [ 77 ]. Chitosan oligosaccharide has been shown to downregulate the expression of CD147 receptors in gastric cancer patients and thereby, reducing metastatic potential [ 78 ].…”