Emotion modulation of the startle reflex in essential tremor: Blunted reactivity to unpleasant and pleasant pictures

Lafo, Jacob; Mikos, Ania; Mangal, Paul; Scott, Bonnie M.; Trifilio, Erin; Okun, Michael S.; Bowers, Dawn

doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.11.003

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…From an historical perspective, the cerebellum and its related brainstem nuclei regulate the conditioned eyeblink response and contain long-term neuronal changes, which serves to encode this learned response [363–364]. The cerebellum is engaged in learning of unspecific aversive reactions and cerebellar dysfunction may lead to impaired short-term and long-term habituation of the startle response [365, 366], in agreement with the preeminent cerebellar role in encoding external negative stimuli [367, 368]. In a recent paper, Bocci and colleagues have shown that the cerebellum in also involved in motor learning finalized to defensive behavior within the peripersonal space [369] (Fig.…”

Section: Ctdcs and Influence On Motor Learningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond the target area: an integrative view of tDCS-induced motor cortex modulation in patients and athletes

Morya

Monte-Silva

Bikson

et al. 2019

J NeuroEngineering Rehabil

117

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Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive technique used to modulate neural tissue. Neuromodulation apparently improves cognitive functions in several neurologic diseases treatment and sports performance. In this study, we present a comprehensive, integrative review of tDCS for motor rehabilitation and motor learning in healthy individuals, athletes and multiple neurologic and neuropsychiatric conditions. We also report on neuromodulation mechanisms, main applications, current knowledge including areas such as language, embodied cognition, functional and social aspects, and future directions. We present the use and perspectives of new developments in tDCS technology, namely high-definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) which promises to overcome one of the main tDCS limitation (i.e., low focality) and its application for neurological disease, pain relief, and motor learning/rehabilitation. Finally, we provided information regarding the Transcutaneous Spinal Direct Current Stimulation (tsDCS) in clinical applications, Cerebellar tDCS (ctDCS) and its influence on motor learning, and TMS combined with electroencephalography (EEG) as a tool to evaluate tDCS effects on brain function.

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Section: Ctdcs and Influence On Motor Learningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond the target area: an integrative view of tDCS-induced motor cortex modulation in patients and athletes

Morya

Monte-Silva

Bikson

et al. 2019

J NeuroEngineering Rehabil

117

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“…ET patients also have an increased odds and risk of depression Left amygdala This is a key brain structure regulating different aspects of emotional processing, including recognition of emotional expression in faces, as well as in mediating emotional interference during tasks requiring cognitive resources (Adolphs & Spezio, 2006) An inverse relation has been described between facial emotion recognition and tremor severity in ET patients (Auzou, Foubert-Samier, Dupouy, & Meissner, 2014). In addition, ET patients did not perform as well in joy and fear recognition, and they had subtle abnormalities in risk detection (Auzou et al, 2014) Left amygdala and several cerebellar regions Startle hyporeactivity might be mediated by aberrant cerebellar input to the amygdala, which is involved in priming the startle response in emotional contexts (Lafo et al, 2017) ET patients respond abnormally in terms of startle reactivity to emotional pictures (Lafo et al, 2017) Parahippocampal gyrus, posterior cingulate, and lingual gyrus bilaterally These brain regions are involved in visual tasks (Yang, Deng, Xing, Xia, & Li, 2015) Impaired visual-motor integration in ET has been described (Bares, Lungu, Husarova, & Gescheidt, 2010). Changes in the connectivity of the lingual gyrus, which may be related to internally directed attention (Benedek et al, 2016), correlated negatively with attention domain…”

Section: Nucleus Accumbens Bilaterallymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Startle hyporeactivity might be mediated by aberrant cerebellar input to the amygdala, which is involved in priming the startle response in emotional contexts (Lafo et al, 2017) ET patients respond abnormally in terms of startle reactivity to emotional pictures (Lafo et al, 2017) Parahippocampal gyrus, posterior cingulate, and lingual gyrus bilaterally These brain regions are involved in visual tasks (Yang, Deng, Xing, Xia, & Li, 2015) Impaired visual-motor integration in ET has been described (Bares, Lungu, Husarova, & Gescheidt, 2010). Changes in the connectivity of the lingual gyrus, which may be related to internally directed attention (Benedek et al, 2016), correlated negatively with attention domain…”

Section: Nucleus Accumbens Bilaterallymentioning

confidence: 99%

Graph theory analysis of resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging in essential tremor

Benito‐León

Sanz‐Morales

Melero

et al. 2019

Human Brain Mapping

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Essential tremor (ET) is a neurological disease with both motor and nonmotor manifestations; however, little is known about its underlying brain basis. Furthermore, the overall organization of the brain network in ET remains largely unexplored. We investigated the topological properties of brain functional network, derived from resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data, in 23 ET patients versus 23 healthy controls. Graph theory analysis was used to assess the functional network organization. At the global level, the functional network of ET patients was characterized by lower small‐worldness values than healthy controls—less clustered functionality of the brain. At the regional level, compared with the healthy controls, ET patients showed significantly higher values of global efficiency, cost and degree, and a shorter average path length in the left inferior frontal gyrus (pars opercularis), right inferior temporal gyrus (posterior division and temporo‐occipital part), right inferior lateral occipital cortex, left paracingulate, bilateral precuneus bilaterally, left lingual gyrus, right hippocampus, left amygdala, nucleus accumbens bilaterally, and left middle temporal gyrus (posterior part). In addition, ET patients showed significant higher local efficiency and clustering coefficient values in frontal medial cortex bilaterally, subcallosal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, parahippocampal gyri bilaterally (posterior division), right lingual gyrus, right cerebellar flocculus, right postcentral gyrus, right inferior semilunar lobule of cerebellum and culmen of vermis. Finally, the right intracalcarine cortex and the left orbitofrontal cortex showed a shorter average path length in ET patients, while the left frontal operculum and the right planum polare showed a higher betweenness centrality in ET patients. In conclusion, the efficiency of the overall brain functional network in ET is disrupted. Further, our results support the concept that ET is a disorder that disrupts widespread brain regions, including those outside of the brain regions responsible for tremor.

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“…The cerebellum and its related brainstem nuclei are critically involved in the control and production of the classically conditioned eyeblink response and may contain essential long-term neuronal changes which serves to encode this learned response (McCormick et al 1983); a cerebellar role in the retention and storage of conditioned responses, as assessed by visual threat eyeblink responses, has been recently confirmed (Thieme et al 2013). Overall, the cerebellum is engaged in learning of unspecific aversive reactions, also outside the peripersonal space (Frings et al 2006), and cerebellar dysfunction may lead to impaired short-term and longterm habituation of the startle response (Maschke et al 2000;Lafo et al 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

14. Cerebellar direct current stimulation modulates hand blink reflex: Implications for defensive behavior in humans

Bocci¹,

Ferrucci²,

Barloscio³

et al. 2017

Clinical Neurophysiology

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The cerebellum is involved in a wide number of integrative functions. We evaluated the role of cerebellum in peripersonal defensive behavior, as assessed by the so-called hand blink reflex (HBR), modulating cerebellar activity with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Healthy subjects underwent cerebellar (sham, anodal, and cathodal tcDCS) and motor cortex tDCS (anodal or cathodal; 20 0 , 2 mA). For the recording of HBR, electrical stimuli were delivered using a surface bipolar electrode placed on the median nerve at the wrist and EMG activity recorded from the orbicularis oculi muscle bilaterally. Depending on the hand position respective to the face, HBR was assessed in four different conditions: "hand-far," "hand-near" (eyes open), "side hand," and "hand-patched" (eyes closed). While sham and cathodal cerebellar stimulation had no significant effect, anodal tcDCS dramatically dampened the magnitude of the HBR, as measured by the area under the curve (AUC), in the "hand-patched" and "side hand" conditions only, for ipsilateral (F (4,171) = 15.08, P < 0.0001; F (4,171) = 8.95, P < 0.0001) as well as contralateral recordings (F (4,171) = 17.96, P < 0.0001); F 4,171) = 5.35, P = 0.0004). Cerebellar polarization did not modify AUC in the "hand-far" and "handnear" sessions. tDCS applied over the motor area did not affect HBR. These results seem to support a role of the cerebellum in the defensive responses within the peripersonal space surrounding the face, thus suggesting a possible cerebellar involvement in visual-independent defensive behavior.

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Emotion modulation of the startle reflex in essential tremor: Blunted reactivity to unpleasant and pleasant pictures

Cited by 5 publications

References 32 publications

Beyond the target area: an integrative view of tDCS-induced motor cortex modulation in patients and athletes

Beyond the target area: an integrative view of tDCS-induced motor cortex modulation in patients and athletes

Graph theory analysis of resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging in essential tremor

14. Cerebellar direct current stimulation modulates hand blink reflex: Implications for defensive behavior in humans

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