“…Although there is a relatively new concept in tourism, there are many qualitative and quantitative studies on emotional labor (Chu and Murnmann, 2006;Kim, 2008;Wong and Wang, 2009;Van Dijk and Brown, 2006;Karatepe and Aleshinloye, 2009;Glomb and Tews, 2004, Grand, Fisk v Steiner, 2005, Gursoy, Boylu and Avci, 2011, Sohn and Lee, 2012. For example, Seymour (2000) interviewed employees of traditional silver service restaurants and fast-food businesses to measure levels of emotional labor between catering establishments with two different service delivery styles, indicating that emotional labor intensity is much higher in traditional businesses. Kim (2008) examined the priorities and results of the two emotional labor strategies (superficial and profound behavior) within the accomodation industry.…”