Enantiomer ratios, patterns and levels of toxaphene congeners in human milk from Germany

Skopp, Sonja; Oehme, Michael; Fürst, Peter

doi:10.1039/b200133k

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 22 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Mirex levels are reported as 16, 20, and 68 ng/g fat in mothers’ milk from Germany, Russia, and Canada, respectively (Newsome and Ryan 1999; Polder et al 2008a; Skopp et al 2002). Both PCBz and mirex are reported in around 1 ng/g fat in most mothers’ milk samples, with a few exceptions (Table 10).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…meanMeanMedianMeanMedianGeo. meanAfricaNigeria4.1UNEP (2009)Asia and the Pacific regionAustralia0.21Harden et al (2007)Australia0.18Mueller et al (2008)China2.4Zhou et al (2011)Hong Kong and South China0.8Hedley et al (2010)Korea0.8UNEP (2009)EuropeDenmark0.360.23Shen et al (2007)Denmark0.320.21Shen et al (2008)Finland0.270.31Shen et al (2007)Finland0.250.26Shen et al (2008)Finland and Denmark0.280.22Damgaard et al (2006)Germany16Skopp et al (2002)NorwayPolder et al (…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Spatial and temporal trends of the Stockholm Convention POPs in mothers’ milk — a global review

Fång

Nyberg

Winnberg

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

106

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been of environmental and health concern for more than half a century and have their own intergovernmental regulation through the Stockholm Convention, from 2001. One major concern is the nursing child’s exposure to POPs, a concern that has led to a very large number of scientific studies on POPs in mothers’ milk. The present review is a report on the assessment on worldwide spatial distributions of POPs and of their temporal trends. The data presented herein is a compilation based on scientific publications between 1995 and 2011. It is evident that the concentrations in mothers’ milk depend on the use of pesticides and industrial chemicals defined as POPs. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and “dioxins” are higher in the more industrialized areas, Europe and Northern America, whereas pesticides are higher in Africa and Asia and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are reported in higher concentrations in the USA. POPs are consequently distributed to women in all parts of the world and are thus delivered to the nursing child. The review points out several major problems in the reporting of data, which are crucial to enable high quality comparisons. Even though the data set is large, the comparability is hampered by differences in reporting. In conclusion, much more detailed instructions are needed for reporting POPs in mothers’ milk. Temporal trend data for POPs in mothers’ milk is scarce and is of interest when studying longer time series. The only two countries with long temporal trend studies are Japan and Sweden. In most cases, the trends show decreasing concentrations of POPs in mothers’ milk. However, hexabromocyclododecane is showing increasing temporal concentration trends in both Japan and Sweden.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and temporal trends of the Stockholm Convention POPs in mothers’ milk — a global review

Fång

Nyberg

Winnberg

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

106

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Additional mechanistic support for endpoint of tumor promotion is provided by an in vitro study of the disruption of gap junctional intercellular communication in the Hepa1c1c7 mouse liver cell line from exposure to WT (Besselink et al, 2000;MATT, 2000). Table 2 Toxaphene congeners and their average percentages in the human body burden from Gill et al (1996), Polder et al (2003), Skopp et al (2002b), Sandanger et al (2003), Walker et al (2003) Because the RfD derived here is based on the toxicity of the three persistent congeners, p-26, p-50, and p-62, it is not directly comparable with other toxicity criteria for TT and WT. EPA's cancer slope factor for technical toxaphene has different units than the RfD.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Risk Of Tumor Promotion Using a Reference Dosementioning

confidence: 95%

Development of a reference dose for the persistent congeners of weathered toxaphene based on in vivo and in vitro effects related to tumor promotion

Simon

Manning²

2006

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Toxaphene is a mixture of chlorinated camphenes and bornanes that was produced and used in the United States until 1982. 1.3 million tons of toxaphene have been released worldwide. "Technical" toxaphene (TT) consists of a mixture of up to 800 different chemicals, known as congeners. TT weathers in the environment by both biotic and abiotic processes. The human body burden of toxaphene consists of only five persistent congeners that are not metabolized; three of these occur in considerably greater amounts than the other two. Because of the rapid metabolism and excretion of the non-persistent congeners, the persistent congeners that make up the human body burden most likely play a role in eliciting any potential adverse effects. EPA's toxicity assessment for TT is based on the occurrence of liver cancer in rodents, and considerable doubt exists whether this assessment is applicable to weathered toxaphene (WT). Using experimental results from European Union scientists, a reference dose (RfD) was developed for WT based on the three most persistent congeners that comprise the human body burden. The critical effect chosen was tumor promotion and this endpoint is considered protective for other endpoints as well. Although RfDs are typically derived for non-carcinogenic effects, the endpoint of tumor promotion is appropriate for RfD development because the experimental data suggest a dose threshold. The RfD for weathered toxaphene represented by the sum of the three major persistent congeners ( summation 3PC) is 2E-05 mg/kg-day. To apply this reference dose to a particular WT mixture, information is needed regarding the percentage of summation 3PC in the mixture.

show abstract

“…Some enantioselectivity was observed for other chiral PCB congeners in human milk samples from some women but not others, with no obvious pattern [76]. Several heavily chlorinated toxaphene congeners were also nonracemic and different from reference standards in human milk, with EFs (all Equation (4.4) on BGB-172) of 0.58 to 0.70 for B8-1945, 0.58 to 0.61 for B9-1679, and 0.39 to 0.47 for B9-2206 [287]. Adipose tissues had more nonracemic B9-2206 (EF of 0.30 to 0.32) than milk [287].…”

Section: Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several heavily chlorinated toxaphene congeners were also nonracemic and different from reference standards in human milk, with EFs (all Equation (4.4) on BGB-172) of 0.58 to 0.70 for B8-1945, 0.58 to 0.61 for B9-1679, and 0.39 to 0.47 for B9-2206 [287]. Adipose tissues had more nonracemic B9-2206 (EF of 0.30 to 0.32) than milk [287]. Livers of cadavers from Belgium had mostly racemic a-HCH [288].…”

Section: Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chirality as an Environmental Forensics Tool

Wong

Warner

2009

Persistent Organic Pollutants

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Enantiomer ratios, patterns and levels of toxaphene congeners in human milk from Germany

Cited by 14 publications

References 22 publications

Spatial and temporal trends of the Stockholm Convention POPs in mothers’ milk — a global review

Spatial and temporal trends of the Stockholm Convention POPs in mothers’ milk — a global review

Development of a reference dose for the persistent congeners of weathered toxaphene based on in vivo and in vitro effects related to tumor promotion

Chirality as an Environmental Forensics Tool

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About