Encapsulation by Miniemulsion Polymerization

Landfester, Katharina; Weiss, Clemens K.

doi:10.1007/12_2009_43

Cited by 93 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 192 publications

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“…If a solid product is created in the droplets, the material is directly formulated to a nanoscaled object. Thus, miniemulsions have mostly been used for the generation of functional and complex polymeric nanoparticles and capsules [8][9][10], as well as for the synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles [11]. However, the above mentioned features make the system excellently suited for interfacially catalyzed organic reactions.…”

Section: Basic Features Of Miniemulsionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzymatic Catalysis at Interfaces—Heterophase Systems as Substrates for Enzymatic Action

Weiss

Landfester

2013

Catalysts

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Several important enzymatic reactions occurring in nature, such as, e.g., the digestion of fat, proceed only at the interface of two immiscible phases. Typically, these systems consist of an organic substrate, dispersed in an aqueous continuous phase, with a specialized enzyme capable of working at the interface. For adopting such a system for organic synthesis, a stable heterophase system with a large interfacial area is required. These prerequisites can be found in so-called miniemulsions. Such liquid-liquid heterophase systems feature droplets with sizes smaller than 500 nm, and more importantly, these emulsions do not suffer from Ostwald ripening, as conventional emulsions do. Consequently, the droplets show long-term stability, even throughout reactions conducted in the droplets. In this review, we will briefly discuss the physicochemical background of miniemulsions, provide a comprehensive overview of the enzymatically catalyzed reactions conducted in miniemulsions and, as data are available, to compare the most important features to conventional systems, as reverse microemulsions, (macro)emulsions and solvent-based systems.

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Section: Basic Features Of Miniemulsionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzymatic Catalysis at Interfaces—Heterophase Systems as Substrates for Enzymatic Action

Weiss

Landfester

2013

Catalysts

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“…Hollow polymer particles, which can be obtained by etching the inorganic core (e.g., silica, CaCO 3 , and gold core) of core-shell particles, have a greater capacity for drug or gene loading compared with solid particles. A considerable amount of researches have concerned the preparation of anionic, pHresponsive, inorganic-polymer core-shell microspheres based on acrylic acid or methacrylic acid [26][27][28]. However, little work on cationic, pH-responsive, inorganic-polymer coreshell particles based on DMAEMA has been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and characterization of cationic pH-sensitive SiO2/polymer core-shell nanoparticles with amino groups in the shell

Cheng

Wang

et al. 2014

Colloid Polym Sci

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Silica/poly(styrene-N,N′-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (SiO 2 /P(St-DMAEMA)) cationic pHresponsive core-shell particles with a narrow size distribution and diameter of less than 200 nm were synthesized by emulsion polymerization. The effects of the St/DMAEMA molar ratio, SiO 2 core size, monomer amount, and cross-linking degree on the morphology and pH-responsiveness of the core-shell particles were investigated by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and conductometric titration. The results showed that core-shell particles with only one SiO 2 core could be obtained when the cross-linker divinyl benzene (DVB) was used, and the diameter of the core-shell particles increased with the size of the SiO 2 core and the total amount of monomer. It was observed that the amount of surface amino groups, zeta potential, and volume swelling ratio of the core-shell particles were significantly affected by the St/DMAEMA molar ratio, and a high volume swelling ratio was achieved at pH 4 and a DVB content of 3 mol%. The zeta potential was observed to be a function of pH, and the particles were positively charged when the pH value was below approximately 7.2.

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“…Miniemulsion polymerization on the contrary is a powerful tool for the synthesis of highly functional polymeric nanoparticles [17–20]. Here, the monomer droplets are preformed by ultrasonication and critically stabilized against coagulation by the addition of surfactants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Platinum nanoparticles from size adjusted functional colloidal particles generated by a seeded emulsion polymerization process

Vogel

Ziener

Manzke³

et al. 2011

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol.

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SummaryThe benefits of miniemulsion and emulsion polymerization are combined in a seeded emulsion polymerization process with functional seed particles synthesized by miniemulsion polymerization. A systematic study on the influence of different reaction parameters on the reaction pathway is conducted, including variations of the amount of monomer fed, the ratio of initiator to monomer and the choice of surfactant and composition of the continuous phase. Critical parameters affecting the control of the reaction are determined. If carefully controlled, the seeded emulsion polymerization with functional seed particles yields monodisperse particles with adjustable size and functionalities. Size-adjusted platinum-acetylacetonate containing latex particles with identical seed particles and varied shell thicknesses are used to produce arrays of highly ordered platinum nanoparticles with different interparticle distances but identical particle sizes. For that, a self-assembled monolayer of functional colloids is prepared on a solid substrate and subsequently treated by oxygen plasma processing in order to remove the organic constituents. This step, however, leads to a saturated state of a residual mix of materials. In order to determine parameters influencing this saturation state, the type of surfactant, the amount of precursor loading and the size of the colloids are varied. By short annealing at high temperatures platinum nanoparticles are generated from the saturated state particles. Typically, the present fabrication method delivers a maximum interparticle distance of about 260 nm for well-defined crystalline platinum nanoparticles limited by deformation processes due to softening of the organic material during the plasma applications.

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Encapsulation by Miniemulsion Polymerization

Cited by 93 publications

References 192 publications

Enzymatic Catalysis at Interfaces—Heterophase Systems as Substrates for Enzymatic Action

Enzymatic Catalysis at Interfaces—Heterophase Systems as Substrates for Enzymatic Action

Preparation and characterization of cationic pH-sensitive SiO2/polymer core-shell nanoparticles with amino groups in the shell

Platinum nanoparticles from size adjusted functional colloidal particles generated by a seeded emulsion polymerization process

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