Endocrine changes and liver mRNA abundance of somatotropic axis and insulin system constituents during negative energy balance at different stages of lactation in dairy cows

Abstract

The liver has an important role in metabolic regulation and control of the somatotropic axis to adapt successfully to physiological and environmental changes in dairy cows. The aim of this study was to investigate the adaptation to negative energy balance (NEB) at parturition and to a deliberately induced NEB by feed restriction at 100 days in milk. The hepatic gene expression and the endocrine system of the somatotropic axis and related parameters were compared between the early and late NEB period. Fifty multiparous cows were subjected to 3 periods (1=early lactation up to 12 wk postpartum, 2=feed restriction for 3 wk beginning at around 100 days in milk with a feed-restricted and a control group, and 3=subsequent realimentation period for the feed-restricted group for 8 wk). In period 1, plasma growth hormone reached a maximum in early lactation, whereas insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), leptin, the thyroid hormones, insulin, and the revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index increased gradually after a nadir in early lactation. Three days after parturition, hepatic mRNA abundance of growth hormone receptor 1A, IGF-I, IGF-I receptor and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) were decreased, whereas mRNA of IGFBP-1 and -2 and insulin receptor were upregulated as compared with wk 3 antepartum. During period 2, feed-restricted cows showed decreased plasma concentrations of IGF-I and leptin compared with those of control cows. The revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index was lower for feed-restricted cows (period 2) than for control cows. Compared with the NEB in period 1, the changes due to the deliberately induced NEB (period 2) in hormones were less pronounced. At the end of the 3-wk feed restriction, the mRNA abundance of IGF-I, IGFBP-1, -2, -3, and insulin receptor was increased as compared with the control group. The different effects of energy deficiency at the 2 stages in lactation show that the endocrine regulation changes qualitatively and quantitatively during the course of lactation.

Serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity and lipid metabolism parameters changes in different production cycle periods of Holstein-Friesian, Polish Red and Norwegian breeds

“…The decrease in the onset of lactation could be caused by many factors; one of them is sterol regulatory element-binding factor 1 (SREBF-1), responsible for HMG-CoA reductase mRNA synthesis rate and in this way synthesis of the mevalonate rate-limiting step in cholesterol formation (Shimano et al 1999). SREBF-1 downregulation was noticed one weak after parturition, which might lead to lowering of cholesterol production (Gross et al 2011). Reduced triglyceride with higher cholesterol concentrations in serum were found in Holstein-Friesian cows on about the 50th day of lactation (Kulka et al 2014).…”

Effects of short-term feed restriction on milk yield and composition, and hormone and metabolite profiles in mid-lactation Sarda dairy sheep with different body condition score

“…The consequent negative energy balance generally results in a decrease in milk yield and protein concentration, and in an increase in milk fat (Bocquier and Caja, 2001). Feed restriction was found to be associated with variation in circulating concentrations of insulin, leptin, glucose, GH, and IGF-1 (Marett et al, 2011;Gross et al, 2011;Block et al, 2003). In particular, leptin hormone, secreted primarily by adipose tissue, showed to be very sensitive to nutrient restriction in sheep (Delavaud et al, 2000;Chilliard et al, 2001) and was positively related to body fatness or BCS (Delavaud et al, 2000;Thomas et al, 2001;Daniel et al, 2002).…”

Short communication: Circulating and milk adiponectin change differently during energy deficiency at different stages of lactation in dairy cows

“…The profiles of other variables such as NEFA, BHBA, DMI, BW, energy balance, BCS, BFT, and milk yield (Gross et al, 2011a), and revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, insulin, and leptin (Gross et al, 2011b) have been published elsewhere. In the current paper, the values were used to calculate the potential association with plasma and milk adiponectin concentrations.…”