Endocrine Relationships during Late Gestation and Parturition in the Cow

Hoffmann, Bernd; Wagner, Waldemar; Rattenberger, E.; Schmidt, Joana

doi:10.1002/9780470720295.ch6

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…Saeki et al (2003) investigated pituitary adenomas in the human with a very bright signal attributed to the excessive accumulation of neurosecretory granules in the pituitary gland. Upregulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and its storage in granules in the very same gland was observed in near-term bovine fetuses (Hoffmann et al, 1976(Hoffmann et al, , 1977Schmidt, 2006); here, these granules could have been a cause for the hyperintensity of the pituitary gland, because their existence leads to decreased water motion in the neurons and to an increase in bound water (Hoffmann et al, 1976). High signal intensities of the pituitary gland are not found in formalin-fixed bovine embryos or fetuses before the level 12 of the Š těrba staging system (Š těrba, 1995), which correlates approximately with gestational day 196 (Schmidt, 2006).…”

Section: Discussion Mri Methodologymentioning

confidence: 98%

Neuroanatomy of the calf brain as revealed by high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging

Schmidt

Pilatus

Wigger

et al. 2009

Journal of Morphology

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Here, we want to assess the benefit of high-resolution and high-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detailed documentation of internal brain morphology in formalin-fixed whole head specimens of the full-term calf brain (Bos taurus). Imaging was performed on a Siemens 1.5 T scanner. Optimum contrast was achieved using a 3D sequence with a flip angle of 30 degrees , repetition time (TR) of 20 ms, echo time (TE) of 6.8 ms, and an interpolated matrix of 1024 x 1024. In plane resolution was 0.25 mm. Computer-generated three-dimensional images were reconstructed from the original scans in the coronal plane. This study shows that MRI is capable to identify delicate structures in immature brain specimens. The use of MRI in comparative morphology facilitates the examination of series of brains or brain samples in a reasonable time. The comprehensive description of species- and group-specific brain features in MRI scans of Bos taurus will complement existing data for diagnostic imaging and neuromorphological research, in general, as well as for phylogenetic reconstructions.

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Section: Discussion Mri Methodologymentioning

confidence: 98%

Neuroanatomy of the calf brain as revealed by high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging

Schmidt

Pilatus

Wigger

et al. 2009

Journal of Morphology

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“…In the defatted fraction, the conjugated (sulfate or glucuronide) forms exceeded the free form (Table ). The published increased concentrations of estradiol at the end of gestation could be confirmed by the measured mean value of 12 μg/L estradiol-17α in the plasma of cows >256th day of pregnancy (Table ). Only in the urine of a cow, taken next to parturition, could all designated hormones be detected.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…The trend in milk production, to prolong the lactation period (shorten the “dry off” period), is discussed as a possibility for increased estrogen residues in milk, especially at the time prior to parturition. Hoffmann et al has already demonstrated a further distinct increase of estrogens in the last month of gestation, culminating especially for estradiol 1−2 days prior to parturition. Within the discussion about possible risks of endogenous hormones in edible matrices, it is absolutely necessary to complete the data spectrum as well as to confirm or amend existing data by specific, current methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Bovine Colostrum: Determination of Naturally Occurring Steroid Hormones by Liquid Chromatography−Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC−MS/MS)

Farke

Rattenberger

Roiger

et al. 2011

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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The aim of this study was to collect further data about levels of endogenous hormones in foodstuffs derived from animal production. Because of expected higher concentrations of especially estrogens in colostrum compared to other foodstuffs, our investigation focused on this matrix. For evaluation of endogenous steroid hormones in separated colostrum (fat and defatted fraction) and colostrum powder, the relevant free and conjugated estrogens (estradiol-17β, estradiol-17α, estrone, and estriol) androgens (androstendione, 19nor-androstendione, 19nor-testosterone-17β, 19nor-testosterone-17α, testosterone-17β, and testosterone-17α), and progesterone were determined by means of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Upmost determined concentrations were found in the fat fraction, with 25.56 and 7.59 μg/L for estrone and androstendione, respectively. In defatted milk and colostrum powder, conjugated estrogens dominated, whereas total (free and conjugated) estrone (5.51 μg/L; 15.0 μg/kg) exceeded estradiol-17α (2.66 μg/L; 7.5 μg/kg) and estradiol-17β (2.28 μg/L; 3.3 μg/kg). Neither 19nor-steroids nor estriol were detected in colostrum fractions or processed colostrum.

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“…As a progressive maturation and activation of the fetal HPA axis during late gestation results in a considerably increased cortisol release from the fetal adrenals starting between 7 and 3 days before parturition 44 , 45 it is thus questionable whether this initial fetal cortisol would affect cortisol levels measured from saliva after delivery. According to our assumption it could not have been significantly present in the saliva of newborns, as fetal cortisol is proven to be absorbed by the maternal unit causing initiation of the preparation stage of labor 46 and the gradual prepartum rise in fetal plasma cortisol during the last week of gestation was found to be much less marked even in spontaneously born calves than the abrupt increase immediately after birth 47 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Salivary cortisol as a non-invasive approach to assess stress in dystocic dairy calves

Kovács

Kézér²,

Bodó

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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The intensity and the magnitude of saliva cortisol responses were investigated during the first 48 h following birth in newborn dairy calves which underwent normal (eutocic, EUT, n = 88) and difficult (dystocic, DYS, n = 70) calvings. The effects of parity and body condition of the dam, the duration of parturition, the time spent licking the calf, the sex and birth weight of the calf were also analyzed. Neonatal salivary cortisol concentrations were influenced neither by factors related to the dam (parity, body condition) nor the calf (sex, birth weight). The duration of parturition and the time spent licking the calf also had no effect on salivary cortisol levels. Salivary cortisol concentrations increased rapidly after delivery in both groups to reach their peak levels at 45 and 60 min after delivery in EUT and DYS calves, respectively supporting that the birth process means considerable stress for calves and the immediate postnatal period also appears to be stressful for newborn calves. DYS calves exhibited higher salivary cortisol concentrations compared to EUT ones for 0 (P = 0.022), 15 (P = 0.016), 30 (P = 0.007), 45 (P = 0.003), 60 (P = 0.001) and 120 min (P = 0.001), and for 24 h (P = 0.040), respectively. Peak levels of salivary cortisol and the cortisol release into saliva calculated as AUC were higher in DYS than in EUT calves for the 48-h of the sampling period (P = 0.009 and P = 0.003, respectively). The greater magnitude of saliva cortisol levels in DYS calves compared to EUT ones suggest that difficult parturition means severe stress for bovine neonates and salivary cortisol could be an opportunity for non-invasive assessment of stress during the early neonatal period in cattle.

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Endocrine Relationships during Late Gestation and Parturition in the Cow

Cited by 14 publications

References 86 publications

Neuroanatomy of the calf brain as revealed by high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging

Neuroanatomy of the calf brain as revealed by high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging

Bovine Colostrum: Determination of Naturally Occurring Steroid Hormones by Liquid Chromatography−Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC−MS/MS)

Salivary cortisol as a non-invasive approach to assess stress in dystocic dairy calves

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