Endometrial transcriptome analysis indicates superiority of natural over artificial cycles in recurrent implantation failure patients undergoing frozen embryo transfer

Downregulation of genes related to immune and inflammatory response in IVF implantation failure cases under controlled ovarian stimulation

“…10,11,13,14,22 As per these studies, higher expression of genes during WOI in natural cycle have been reported to be altered during COS cycle. 16,25,26 Interestingly, these 238 transcriptomic signature genes related to shift of WOI in RIF patients involve HABP2, DPP4, GPX3, CSRP2, SORD genes which showed altered expression even in our data set of IF pateints. 12,22,23 However, the exact mechanism of effect of hormonal stimulation on impairment of endometrial receptivity is not yet known.…”

“…Furthermore, the studies with oocyte donors undergoing stimulated cycles vs fertile women in natural cycle during WOI reveal the effect of ovarian stimulation on receptivity of endometrium. 16 Of the above-mentioned genes, downregulation of HABP2, DPP4 and T A B L E 1 Dysregulated genes involved in immune and inflammatory response with the observed fold change (fold change >2.0) in implantation failure patients compared to oocyte donors under COS among Indian population constant in every cycle in each woman including RIF patients. 13 concentration of serum progesterone and estradiol due to COS was observed to be main reason for affecting the endometrial receptivity.…”

Serum estradiol level on trigger day impacts clinical pregnancy rate in modified natural frozen embryo transfer cycles

“…1 In addition, the success rate of frozen embryo transfer (FET) is similar to or even better than that of assisted reproductive technology (ART) with fresh embryo transfer. 1 In addition, the success rate of frozen embryo transfer (FET) is similar to or even better than that of assisted reproductive technology (ART) with fresh embryo transfer.…”

“…1 In addition, the success rate of frozen embryo transfer (FET) is similar to or even better than that of assisted reproductive technology (ART) with fresh embryo transfer. 1 Some studies claimed that natural-cycle frozen embryo transfer (NC-FET) is a cheaper and more patient-friendly protocol as less medication for endometrial preparation is used. The natural cycle and the artificial cycle with and without preceding downregulation with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist administration are two common protocols for endometrial preparation in the FET program.…”

“…[2][3][4][5] The critical issue regarding FET cycles is the synchronization between embryo transfer and the implantation window and optimal preparation of the endometrium to increase the implantation rate in these cycles. 1,6 Although there is no reliable evidence that one cycle regimen is superior to others, 7 recently Altmäe et al 1 reported that artificial-cycle frozen embryo transfer (AC-FET) had a significant negative impact on the endometrial 1 Some studies claimed that natural-cycle frozen embryo transfer (NC-FET) is a cheaper and more patient-friendly protocol as less medication for endometrial preparation is used.…”