Endophyte persistence and toxin (lolitrem b) production in a Danish seed crop of perennial ryegrass

Jensen, Anne

doi:10.1016/j.eja.2004.09.005

Cited by 9 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Our results represent the course of alkaloid concentrations in a real world field without additional watering, compared to other studies, where observations of alkaloid concentrations over several months are often highly controlled, e.g., performed on grasslands sown with Epichloë endophyte infected seeds [56], grasses from the field, but selected for Epichloë infections, and potted [57], or potted grasses grown from Epichloë infected seeds [55].…”

Section: Alkaloid Concentrations Throughout the Year In A Field Studysupporting

confidence: 58%

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Alkaloid Concentrations of Lolium perenne Infected with Epichloë festucae var. lolii with Different Detection Methods—A Re-Evaluation of Intoxication Risk in Germany?

Vikuk

Fuchs

Krischke

et al. 2020

JoF

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Mycotoxins in agriculturally used plants can cause intoxication in animals and can lead to severe financial losses for farmers. The endophytic fungus Epichloë festucae var. lolii living symbiotically within the cool season grass species Lolium perenne can produce vertebrate and invertebrate toxic alkaloids. Hence, an exact quantitation of alkaloid concentrations is essential to determine intoxication risk for animals. Many studies use different methods to detect alkaloid concentrations, which complicates the comparability. In this study, we showed that alkaloid concentrations of individual plants exceeded toxicity thresholds on real world grasslands in Germany, but not on the population level. Alkaloid concentrations on five German grasslands with high alkaloid levels peaked in summer but were also below toxicity thresholds on population level. Furthermore, we showed that alkaloid concentrations follow the same seasonal trend, regardless of whether plant fresh or dry weight was used, in the field and in a common garden study. However, alkaloid concentrations were around three times higher when detected with dry weight. Finally, we showed that alkaloid concentrations can additionally be biased to different alkaloid detection methods. We highlight that toxicity risks should be analyzed using plant dry weight, but concentration trends of fresh weight are reliable.

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Section: Alkaloid Concentrations Throughout the Year In A Field Studysupporting

confidence: 58%

“…lolii over ten months and showed an increase in alkaloid concentrations detected in dried plant material in summer (ii). Other studies also indicated that alkaloid concentrations peak in late summer [23,[55][56][57].…”

Section: Alkaloid Concentrations Throughout the Year In A Field Studymentioning

confidence: 92%

Alkaloid Concentrations of Lolium perenne Infected with Epichloë festucae var. lolii with Different Detection Methods—A Re-Evaluation of Intoxication Risk in Germany?

Vikuk

Fuchs

Krischke

et al. 2020

JoF

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“…These endophytic fungal species produce indole terpenoids among which the lolitrem B toxin is present in ample amounts. These toxins are able to act as antagonists of the GAB‐aergic neurotransmission, leading to the cause of “staggers disease.”Jensen (2005) has reported N. lolii to be capable of providing the host plant with resistance to several pests along with enhancing the growth of the plant. However, the fungus was also observed to trigger the production of toxic metabolites with severe effects on livestock.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Present Status and Future Concerns

Bhat

Ravishankar

Karim

2009

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

555

382

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Disease outbreaks due to the consumption of contaminated food and feedstuff are a recurring problem worldwide. The major factor contributing to contamination are microorganisms, especially fungi, which produce low-molecular-weight compounds as secondary metabolites, with confirmed toxic properties referred to as mycotoxins. Several mycotoxins reported to date are cosmopolitan in distribution and incur severe health-associated risks (including cancer and neurological disorders). Hence, creating awareness among consumers, as well as developing new methods for detection and inactivation is of great importance for food safety. In this review, the focus is on the occurrence of various types of mycotoxins in food and feed associated with risks to humans and livestock, as well as legislation put forth by various authorities, and on presently practiced detoxification methods. Brief descriptions on recent developments in mycotoxin detection methodology are also inlcuded. This review is meant to be informative not only for health-conscious consumers but also for experts in the field to pave the way for future research to fill the existing gaps in our knowledge with regard to mycotoxins and food safety.

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“…In other regions of the world, the distribution and toxicity of Epichloë endophytes has received much attention [9], but very limited in European grasslands [35,42,43] and almost none in commercially available cultivars and seed mixtures on the European market [43,44]. The aim of this study is to provide an overview on infection rates of grass seeds with Epichloë spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epichloë Endophyte Infection Rates and Alkaloid Content in Commercially Available Grass Seed Mixtures in Europe

et al. 2020

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Fungal endophytes of the genus Epichloë live symbiotically in cool season grass species and can produce alkaloids toxic to insects and vertebrates, yet reports of intoxication of grazing animals have been rare in Europe in contrast to overseas. However, due to the beneficial resistance traits observed in Epichloë infected grasses, the inclusion of Epichloë in seed mixtures might become increasingly advantageous. Despite the toxicity of fungal alkaloids, European seed mixtures are rarely tested for Epichloë infection and their infection status is unknown for consumers. In this study, we tested 24 commercially available seed mixtures for their infection rates with Epichloë endophytes and measured the concentrations of the alkaloids ergovaline, lolitrem B, paxilline, and peramine. We detected Epichloë infections in six seed mixtures, and four contained vertebrate and insect toxic alkaloids typical for Epichloë festucae var. lolii infecting Lolium perenne. As Epichloë infected seed mixtures can harm livestock, when infected grasses become dominant in the seeded grasslands, we recommend seed producers to test and communicate Epichloë infection status or avoiding Epichloë infected seed mixtures.

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Endophyte persistence and toxin (lolitrem b) production in a Danish seed crop of perennial ryegrass

Cited by 9 publications

References 36 publications

Alkaloid Concentrations of Lolium perenne Infected with Epichloë festucae var. lolii with Different Detection Methods—A Re-Evaluation of Intoxication Risk in Germany?

Alkaloid Concentrations of Lolium perenne Infected with Epichloë festucae var. lolii with Different Detection Methods—A Re-Evaluation of Intoxication Risk in Germany?

Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Present Status and Future Concerns

Epichloë Endophyte Infection Rates and Alkaloid Content in Commercially Available Grass Seed Mixtures in Europe

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