Endoscopic therapy in the management of malignant biliary obstruction

Palliation of Malignant Obstructive Jaundice

“…A photosensitizing agent is employed, which accumulates in proliferating tissue. Following illumination with a laser, free radicals are generated, resulting in necrosis and apoptosis of cells [106]. Tissue necrosis is typically achieved at a depth of 4-6 mm, and the destructive effect can be augmented by the delivery of systemic oxygen [106].…”

“…Following illumination with a laser, free radicals are generated, resulting in necrosis and apoptosis of cells [106]. Tissue necrosis is typically achieved at a depth of 4-6 mm, and the destructive effect can be augmented by the delivery of systemic oxygen [106]. Photodynamic therapy can be used as primary therapy to control tumor growth and to prolong the patency rates of biliary endoprostheses.…”

Covered versus uncovered self-expandable nitinol stents in the palliative treatment of malignant distal biliary obstruction: results from a randomized, multicenter study

“…[13][14][15][16] A number of factors have been suggested to explain this relatively high failure rate, including epithelial hyperplasia, tumor ingrowth and overgrowth, dislocation, debris formation, and clot accumulation. 1,17,18 To better counteract tumor ingrowth in uncovered SEMSs (uSEMSs), covered SEMSs (cSEMSs) were developed by placing a thin nonporous membrane on the inside of the metal mesh. Possible advantages of such a stent design have so far been addressed in relatively few small clinical studies, and the results have been partly conflicting.…”

Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy/Jejunostomy Combined with Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage in Treating Malignant Biliary Obstruction

“…PTCD is a common choice of therapy when surgical or endoscopic therapies were unsuccessful or unsuitable [3][4][5] . However, following PTCD, patients have to carry a drainage pack for a long time which is inconvenient.…”