Endothelial Response to Pathophysiological Stress

Abstract

Located in the innermost layer of the vasculature and directly interacting with blood flow, endothelium integrates various biochemical and biomechanical signals to maintain barrier function with selective permeability, vascular tone, blood fluidity, and vascular formation. Endothelial cells respond to laminar and disturbed flow by structural and functional adaption, which involves reprogramming gene expression, cell proliferation and migration, senescence, autophagy and cell death, as well as synthesizing signal molecules (nitric oxide and prostanoids, etc) that act in manners of autocrine, paracrine, or juxtacrine. Inflammation occurs after infection or tissue injury. Dysregulated inflammatory response participates in pathogenesis of many diseases. Endothelial cells exposed to inflammatory stimuli from the circulation or the microenvironment exhibit impaired vascular tone, increased permeability, elevated procoagulant activity, and dysregulated vascular formation, collectively contributing to the development of vascular diseases. Understanding the endothelial response to pathophysiological stress of hemodynamics and inflammation provides mechanistic insights into cardiovascular diseases, as well as therapeutic opportunities.

Primary Ciliary Signaling in the Skin—Contribution to Wound Healing and Scarring

“…Endothelial cell responses to FSS through PC help maintain barrier function, blood vessel wall permeability, and vascular tone (Jones et al, 2012;Peng et al, 2019). PC are also involved in endothelial cell inflammatory signaling, as their loss promotes vascular inflammation (Dinsmore and Reiter, 2016), and their length is controlled by cytokine stimuli, as mentioned above (Dummer et al, 2018).…”

The cyclic adenosine monophosphate elevating medicine, forskolin, reduces neointimal formation and atherogenesis in mice

“…Endothelial cell (EC) responses to chemical mediators, hemodynamic forces and mechanical stretch critically regulate vascular remodelling. 2 Endothelial cell activation and/or loss of integrity promotes SMC proliferation and vascular stenosis. Improving endothelial repair bears promise for ameliorating vascular remodelling and atherosclerosis.…”

Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside Exerts Anti-Inflammatory and Antiapoptotic Effects through Inhibiting the Akt/IκB/NF-κB Pathway on Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

“…Dysregulated inflammatory response caused by infection or tissue damage is involved in the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases and causes endothelial cell damage [ 19 ]. Repeated inflammatory stimuli lead to impaired vascular tone and increased permeability and vascular imbalance in endothelial cells, collectively contributing to the development of vascular disease [ 20 ]. Therefore, the pathophysiological stress response of endothelial cells caused by inflammation is closely related to cardiovascular disease.…”