“…Relevant research on materials under high impact loading conditions has generally used split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) devices (Chen and Song, 2011;Chunyu et al, 2022;Fu et al, 2019;Leclair et al, 1999;Li et al, 2023;Long et al, 2022;Shangguan et al, 2020;Tao et al, 2023;Yu et al, 2023;Zhao et al, 2022). Researchers have conducted detailed investigations of impact dynamic constitutive models through damage mechanics (Cao et al, 2017;Zhang et al, 2021;Zhu et al, 2019Zhu et al, , 2020, macroscopic-mesoscopic mechanics (Xie et al, 2016;Zhu et al, 2018), and energy characteristic theories (Ma et al, 2021;Shangguan et al, 2020). Zhu et al (2018) studied the evolution equation of the damage mechanism of microcracks and the influence of soil particle size and they established a macroscopic-mesoscopic constitutive model of frozen soil.…”