Energy Consumption and GDP Causality: New Evidence from Disaggregated Data and Panel Long-Run Causality Tests of Development and Developing Countries

Ambivalent changes in the correlation of energy consumption and economic growth in the member states of the European Union (2010–2019)

“…According to the author of the present paper, the following studies [ [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] , [46] ], for example, incorrectly consider GDP developments at non-PPS prices and GDP changes. Often, researchers take GDP at current prices, but then GDP does not accurately reflect the real output of the economy due to changes in market prices.…”