Energy density, energy costs and income – how are they related?

Waterlander, Wilma; Haas, Wendy E de; Amstel, Inge van; Schuit, Albertine J.; Twisk, Jos W. R.; Visser, Marjolein; Seidell, Jacob C.; Steenhuis, I.H.M.

doi:10.1017/s1368980009992989

Cited by 76 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Many other studies in the literature, however, report that healthier foods tend to cost more (16,28,39) . A possible explanation for the difference in findings of our study compared with this previous work could be that they mostly used energy density to classify the healthiness of products (16,28,39) , while we used nutrient profiling.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Ultra-processed foods have the worst nutrient profile, yet they are the most available packaged products in a sample of New Zealand supermarkets

Luiten

Steenhuis²,

Eyles³

et al. 2015

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To examine the availability of packaged food products in New Zealand supermarkets by level of industrial processing, nutrient profiling score (NPSC), price (energy, unit and serving costs) and brand variety. Design: Secondary analysis of cross-sectional survey data on packaged supermarket food and non-alcoholic beverages. Products were classified according to level of industrial processing (minimally, culinary and ultra-processed) and their NPSC. Setting: Packaged foods available in four major supermarkets in Auckland, New Zealand. Subjects: Packaged supermarket food products for the years 2011 and 2013. Results: The majority (84 % in 2011 and 83 % in 2013) of packaged foods were classified as ultra-processed. A significant positive association was found between the level of industrial processing and NPSC, i.e. ultra-processed foods had a worse nutrient profile (NPSC = 11·63) than culinary processed foods (NPSC = 7·95), which in turn had a worse nutrient profile than minimally processed foods (NPSC = 3·27), P < 0·001. No clear associations were observed between the three price measures and level of processing. The study observed many variations of virtually the same product. The ten largest food manufacturers produced 35 % of all packaged foods available. Conclusions: In New Zealand supermarkets, ultra-processed foods comprise the largest proportion of packaged foods and are less healthy than less processed foods. The lack of significant price difference between ultra-and less processed foods suggests ultra-processed foods might provide time-poor consumers with more value for money. These findings highlight the need to improve the supermarket food supply by reducing numbers of ultra-processed foods and by reformulating products to improve their nutritional profile.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Ultra-processed foods have the worst nutrient profile, yet they are the most available packaged products in a sample of New Zealand supermarkets

Luiten

Steenhuis²,

Eyles³

et al. 2015

Public Health Nutr.

Self Cite

158

156

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Mesmo que esse seja o primeiro estudo destinado a comparar o preço dos alimentos em diferentes estratos da população brasileira, levando em conta a natureza, intensidade e propósito do processamento dos alimentos, resultados semelhantes já podiam ser identificados em países desenvolvidos há quase uma década. A relação inversa entre a densidade energética dos alimentos e seu preço por caloria propõe explicação para o menor preço dos ingredientes culinários, assim como alguns subgrupos dos alimentos frescos, como cereais e leguminosas secas, e maior preço dos alimentos frescos como frutas, hortaliças e carnes frescas em relação aos demais grupos de alimentos 27,28,29 .…”

Section: Média Ic95%unclassified

Preço dos alimentos no Brasil: prefira preparações culinárias a alimentos ultraprocessados

et al. 2016

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Resumo: Estudo com objetivo de descrever o preço dos grupos de alimentos consumidos no Brasil considerando a natureza, a extensão e o propósito de seu processamento. Dados provenientes da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares de 2008-2009 foram utilizados. O preço médio dos grupos (in natura, ingredientes culinários, processados e ultraprocessados) e seus respectivos subgrupos de alimentos foram estimados para o Brasil segundo renda, região e área. Os produtos in natura e ingredientes culinários apresentaram menor preço por caloria quando comparado aos demais grupos, sugerindo uma vantagem econômica no preparo de refeições no lar em comparação a sua substituição por ultraprocessados. As famílias de maior nível econômico pagaram preço mais elevado por suas aquisições, enquanto as regiões Nordeste, Norte e a área rural pagaram os menores preços. Enquanto alimentos frescos (como carnes, leite, frutas e hortaliças) tendem a custar mais caro que alimentos ultraprocessados, grãos secos (como o arroz e o feijão) despontam como uma alternativa mais econômica para adoção de práticas alimentares saudáveis.

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“…9 Waterlander et al 3 found no significant differences regarding ED and energy costs when considering the income of study participants in a Dutch cohort.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…1 An important measure of a healthy diet is dietary energy density (ED, kJ/g). Dietary ED and energy costs were negatively associated in adulthood [2][3][4] and childhood 5 in industrialized countries. Owing to differences in expenses or food production or agricultural subsidies, and in consumption pattern, diet costs may be specific for countries and population subgroups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diet costs and energy density in the diet of German children and adolescents

et al. 2012

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This study examined the association between energy density (ED, g/kJ) and diet costs (h/day) in a sample of 494 German children and adolescents aged 4-18 years using 1100 3-day-weighed dietary records from the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study (open cohort study) and retail food prices of 341 empirically selected recorded food items including special brands. ED was negatively associated with diet costs (b ¼ À 0.20 kJ/g, Po0.0007) with a non-linear term (b ¼ 0.01 kJ/g*kJ/g, P ¼ 0.0440). Diet costs increased with age (b ¼ 0.32 yr, Po0.0001) with a negative non-linear term (b ¼ À 0.01 yr*yr; Po0.0001). In conclusion, the inverse association between diet costs and ED was more pronounced in the older than in the younger age groups and in low-ED diets than in high-ED diets. Higher % diet costs of fruit/vegetables could be compensated by lower % diet costs of meat/sausage to lower ED without increasing diet costs. (2012) 66, 1362-1363 doi:10.1038/ejcn.2012 published online 19 September 2012 Keywords: diet costs; energy density; children; adolescents European Journal of Clinical Nutrition INTRODUCTIONThe adoption of a healthy diet may be hindered by high diet costs. 1 An important measure of a healthy diet is dietary energy density (ED, kJ/g). Dietary ED and energy costs were negatively associated in adulthood 2-4 and childhood 5 in industrialized countries. Owing to differences in expenses or food production or agricultural subsidies, and in consumption pattern, diet costs may be specific for countries and population subgroups. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the association between diet costs (h/day) and ED in a sample of German children and adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODSOur sample consists of those 1100 3-day-weighed food records yearly collected between 2006 and 2008 by 4-18-year-old participants (255 boys, 239 girls) from the on-going open cohort Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) study (one (N ¼ 125) to four (N ¼ 7) records per participant). The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the University of Bonn.All foods and beverages are weighed and recorded by the participants or their parents. For commercial food products the exact brand name is recorded.Retail food price collection was done in August 2009 in Dortmund for a sub-sample of recorded items. Hereto, each of the 3860 recorded food items was assigned to one food group (dairy, cheese, eggs, meat/sausage, fish, fats/oils, cereals, bread, cakes/cookies, pasta/rice/potatoes, vegetables, fruits, ice cream, beverages, confectionary and convenience/fast food). Food selection included (1) those food items with the highest consumption amount (g/day) per food group, which amounted together to at least 50% of total food group consumption (N ¼ 234) and (2) a random selection of food items with low consumption amounts to select 2% of all food items within a food group (N ¼ 122).Mean food prices per food group (h/100 g food group) were calculated and linked ...

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Energy density, energy costs and income – how are they related?

Cited by 76 publications

References 32 publications

Ultra-processed foods have the worst nutrient profile, yet they are the most available packaged products in a sample of New Zealand supermarkets

Ultra-processed foods have the worst nutrient profile, yet they are the most available packaged products in a sample of New Zealand supermarkets

Preço dos alimentos no Brasil: prefira preparações culinárias a alimentos ultraprocessados

Diet costs and energy density in the diet of German children and adolescents

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