Energy Efficient Battery Heating in Cold Climates

Vlahinos, Andreas; Pesaran, A.

doi:10.4271/2002-01-1975

Cited by 45 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…Therefore, the voltage of each cell ͑or groups of cells connected in parallel͒ in a lithium-ion battery pack must be monitored individually to ensure safe operation, and many investigators have proposed a variety of different control schemes to ensure safe operation while maximizing energy delivery and recovery. [36][37][38][39] Kuhn et al 37 showed that for certain batteries, charge equalization can extend usable life. A review of the basic charge equalization schemes was presented by Moore and Schneider.…”

Section: Thermal Effects In Lithium-ion Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review of Thermal Issues in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Bandhauer

Garimella

Fuller

2011

J. Electrochem. Soc.

1,705

915

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Lithium-ion batteries are well-suited for fully electric and hybrid electric vehicles due to their high specific energy and energy density relative to other rechargeable cell chemistries. However, these batteries have not been widely deployed commercially in these vehicles yet due to safety, cost, and poor low temperature performance, which are all challenges related to battery thermal management. In this paper, a critical review of the available literature on the major thermal issues for lithium-ion batteries is presented. Specific attention is paid to the effects of temperature and thermal management on capacity/power fade, thermal runaway, and pack electrical imbalance and to the performance of lithium-ion cells at cold temperatures. Furthermore, insights gained from previous experimental and modeling investigations are elucidated. These include the need for more accurate heat generation measurements, improved modeling of the heat generation rate, and clarity in the relative magnitudes of the various thermal effects observed at high charge and discharge rates seen in electric vehicle applications. From an analysis of the literature, the requirements for lithium-ion thermal management systems for optimal performance in these applications are suggested, and it is clear that no existing thermal management strategy or technology meets all these requirements. Thomas-Alyea (kethomas@alumni.princeton.edu) and Kandler Smith (kandler.smith@gmail.com). This article was reviewed by KarenElectric and hybrid electric vehicles ͑EV and HEV͒ may present the best near-term solution for the transportation sector to reduce our dependence on petroleum and to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and criteria pollutants. Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries are well-suited for these vehicles because they have, among other things, high specific energy and energy density relative to other cell chemistries. For example, practical nickel-metal hydride ͑NiMH͒ batteries, which have dominated the HEV market, have a nominal specific energy and energy density of 75 Wh/kg and 240 Wh/L, respectively. In contrast, lithium-ion batteries can achieve 150 Wh/kg and 400 Wh/L, 1 i.e., nearly 2 times the specific energy and energy density.Whereas lithium-ion batteries are rapidly displacing NiMH and nickel-cadmium secondary batteries for portable and hand-held devices, they have not yet been widely introduced in automotive products. The main barriers to the deployment of large fleets of vehicles on public roads equipped with lithium-ion batteries continue to be safety, cost ͑related to cycle and calendar life͒, and low temperature performance 2 -all challenges that are coupled to thermal effects in the battery. Since the recent introduction of HEV fleets, the industry trend is toward larger batteries required for plug-in hybrids, extended-range hybrids, and all-electric vehicles. These larger battery designs impose greater pressure to lower costs and improve safety.Furthermore, most of the research on these types of batteries has been related to fin...

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Section: Thermal Effects In Lithium-ion Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review of Thermal Issues in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Bandhauer

Garimella

Fuller

2011

J. Electrochem. Soc.

1,705

915

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“…Cell temperature and charge current expressed in C-rate are displayed in Figure 5b for both ACB and baseline cells. The ACB cell temperature is seen to rise rapidly to [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] • C after 90 sec activation, creating a highly reactive electrode-electrolyte interface for high-rate charging. Indeed, the charge current starts at 3C and remains higher than 2.5C as the ACB cell is charged toward 80% SOC.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It should be noted that the internal Ni foil heating in the present ACB cell has been compared to existing external heating methods [19][20][21] including placement of heating elements outside and between batteries in a multi-battery module. 12 In the latter case, heat must warm up the battery casing before benefiting electrodes and electrolyte inside it, causing low heating speed and high energy consumption.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Fast Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Battery at Subfreezing Temperatures

Wang

Xu²,

Ge³

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Widespread adoption of plug-in electric vehicles hinges upon fast rechargeability of lithium-ion batteries in all climates. To date, Li-ion batteries subject to quick charging in extreme cold grow lithium dendrites which consume cyclable lithium thus severely shortening battery life and compromise safety. Here we experimentally demonstrate 3C fast charging at −30 • C for more than 500 cycles using a new cell structure, the all-climate battery (ACB). Addition of a metal foil creates immense internal heating in the ACB cell upon activation by short pulses of discharge and charge current, allowing charge to 80% state-of-charge in 14 min as opposed to 160 min for a conventional Li-ion cell. Moreover, the ACB cell withstands more than 500 fast-charge cycles while the conventional cell incurs 20% capacity loss after only 12 cycles. The experimental pouch cell of 10 Ah consists of a graphite anode and a NCM622 cathode with a nickel foil coated by polyethylene terephthalate as an internal heating element. We believe that the self-heating ACB cell with 11.4× faster charging and 40× better cycle life enables a ubiquitous, weather-independent fast-charging infrastructure required for affordable vehicle electrification free of range anxiety. This fast rechargeable battery at low temperatures is also essential for outdoor robots and drones as well as can substantially reduce battery size and cost for home and grid energy storage. Two major barriers to mainstream adoption of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are high cost and short drive range of lithium-ion batteries.1 A single solution to both is to deploy 100-mile PEVs powered by ∼20 kWh batteries combined with 5-15 min fast-charging infrastructure. This broadens PEV affordability due to the use of small batteries on-board, and alleviates drive range anxiety thanks to expedient fast charging. Additionally, this approach facilitates proliferation of fast-charging infrastructure due to reduced charging power required for smaller batteries. For example, existing supercharge stations 2 of 120 kW and DC quick charging stations 3 of 50 kW can readily charge 20 kWh batteries in 10 and 24 minutes, respectively. In a sense, the fast charging infrastructure acts as an off-board range extender which costs nothing to consumers while preserving vehicle's low energy consumption per mile and effectively eliminating range anxiety.Widespread vehicle electrification requires a fast charging method that reaches 80% of state-of-charge (SOC) in minutes under all weather conditions. Unfortunately, Li-ion batteries are notoriously incapable of fast charging at subzero temperatures due to propensity of lithium to deposit on the graphite anode in dendritic structures. [4][5][6][7][8] It is believed that during charging, Li plating on the graphite particle surface competes with Li intercalation into anode active-material particles; as such, Li plating preferentially occurs at high charge currents and/or low temperatures due to reduced intercalation kinetics of the anode. Other important factors affe...

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“…The plates refer to thin metals having one or more internal channels discharged with refrigerant or coolant. Available external battery heating source during winter can be provided by using jacket or fluid heating from an electric heater [167,168], a bioethanol heater (14.5 litres) used by Volvo C30 Electric [169], or a biogas (methane) engine proposed by Shimada [170]. [28,62,171,172]).…”

Section: Liquidmentioning

confidence: 99%

A critical review of thermal management models and solutions of lithium-ion batteries for the development of pure electric vehicles

Wang

Jiang

et al. 2016

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

816

246

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Power train electrification is promoted as a potential alternative to reduce carbon intensity of transportation. Lithium-ion batteries are found to be suitable for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and pure electric vehicles (EVs), and temperature control on lithium batteries is vital for long-term performance and durability. Unfortunately, battery thermal management (BTM) has not been paid close attention partly due to poor understanding of battery thermal behaviour. Cell performance change dramatically with temperature, but it improves with temperature if a suitable operating temperature window is sustained. This paper provides a review on two aspects that are battery thermal model development and thermal management strategies. Thermal effects of lithium-ion batteries in terms of thermal runaway and response under cold temperatures will be studied, and heat generation methods are discussed with aim of performing accurate battery thermal analysis. In addition, current BTM strategies utilised by automotive suppliers will be reviewed to identify the imposing challenges and critical gaps between research and practice. Optimising existing BTMs and exploring new technologies to mitigate battery thermal impacts are required, and efforts in prioritising BTM should be made to improve the temperature uniformity across the battery pack, prolong battery lifespan, and enhance the safety of large packs.

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Energy Efficient Battery Heating in Cold Climates

Cited by 45 publications

References 0 publications

A Critical Review of Thermal Issues in Lithium-Ion Batteries

A Critical Review of Thermal Issues in Lithium-Ion Batteries

A Fast Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Battery at Subfreezing Temperatures

A critical review of thermal management models and solutions of lithium-ion batteries for the development of pure electric vehicles

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