Efficient usage of energy in wireless networks represents a major concern in academia and industry, mainly because of environmental, financial, and quality-of-experience considerations. Various solutions have been proposed to enable efficient energy usage in wireless networks, and these approaches are referred to as green wireless communications and networking. In this survey, we mainly focus on energy efficient techniques in base stations and mobile terminals as they constitute the major sources of energy consumption in wireless access networks, from the operator and user perspectives, respectively. Unlike the existing articles and surveys, we aim to present a unified treatment of green solutions and analytical models for both network operators and mobile users. Such a unified treatment will help in the future to develop green solutions that enable an improved and balanced efficient usage of energy by operators and end users. Dr Qaraqe has held a variety positions in many companies and he has over 12 years of experience in the telecommunication industry. Dr Qaraqe has worked for Qualcomm, Enad Design Systems, Cadence Design Systems/Tality Corporation, STC, SBC and Ericsson. He has worked on numerous GSM, CDMA, WCDMA projects and has experience in product development, design, deployments, testing and integration. Dr Qaraqe joined the department of Electrical and Computer Engineering of Texas A&M University at Qatar, in July 2004, where he is now a professor. Dr Qaraqe research interests include communication theory and its application to design and performance, analysis of cellular systems and indoor communication systems. Particular interests are in mobile networks, broadband wireless access, cooperative networks, cognitive radio, diversity techniques and beyond 4G systems.