Energy‐efficient circle zones stable election protocol with helper nodes for heterogeneous WSNs

Abstract

The design of an energy-efficient routing protocol is crucial for extending the lifetime of limited energy-constrained wireless sensor networks (WSNs). To achieve this goal, the authors propose three proactive routing protocols; the first protocol is a circle zone stable election protocol (CZSEP). This protocol is a two-level heterogeneous energy protocol with a circle zone located at the centre of the network field and used to deploy the normal nodes and with advanced nodes that are randomly distributed around the circle zone. The performance of the proposed CZSEP was compared to that of the conventional ZSEP considering the same total initial energy. To further improve the performance of CZSEP, they propose the second protocol named as, CZSEP with helper nodes (CZSEP-HN) which is a three-level heterogeneous energy protocol. In CZSEP-HN, they add helper nodes in certain places in the network field to minimise the energy consumption in the considered network. Both CZSEP and CZSEP-HN can overcome the problem of large transmission distance between normal nodes and the base station (BS) and between cluster-heads and BS exists in conventional ZSEP. Finally, they propose the third protocol, which is a modified CZSEP-HN (MCZSEP-HN) to overcome the problem of energy consumption in CZSEP-HN. MCZSEP-HN is a fourlevel heterogeneous energy protocol with two circle zones one for normal nodes and the other for intermediate nodes. The obtained results showed that the MCZSEP-HN outperforms the other protocols in terms of lifetime , throughput, stability and instability period and can reduce the energy consumption in WSNs.

PRESEP: Cluster Based Metaheuristic Algorithm for Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Network Application in Internet of Things

“…Challenge of nodes heterogeneity: In the new domain of WSNs application in IoT paradigm, SNs are more of heterogeneous in terms of communication, battery capacity, processing and storage. Its homogeneous counterpart is facing more issues in hierarchical routing, as cluster needs powerful node to become CH than nodes with low energy [16]. More heterogeneous features need optimized routing for fast decision making among the available SNs to play CH role or other lead roles in the network to prolong its lifetime.…”