Energy-Efficient LoRa Routing for Smart Grids

Abstract

Energy-efficient routing protocols in Internet of Things (IoT) applications are always of colossal importance as they improve the network’s longevity. The smart grid (SG) application of the IoT uses advanced metring infrastructure (AMI) to read and record power consumption periodically or on demand. The AMI sensor nodes in a smart grid network sense, process, and transmit information, which require energy, which is a limited resource and is an important parameter required to maintain the network for a longer duration. The present work discusses a novel energy-efficient routing criterion in an SG environment realised using LoRa nodes. Firstly, a modified LEACH protocol–cumulative low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (Cum_LEACH) is proposed for cluster head selection among the nodes. It uses the cumulative energy distribution of the nodes to select the cluster head. Furthermore, for test packet transmission, multiple optimal paths are created using the quadratic kernelised African-buffalo-optimisation-based LOADng (qAB_LOADng) algorithm. The best optimal path is selected from these multiple paths using a modified version of the MAX algorithm called the SMAx algorithm. This routing criterion showed an improved energy consumption profile of the nodes and the number of active nodes after running for 5000 iterations compared to standard routing protocols such as LEACH, SEP, and DEEC.

Energy Aware Software Defined Network Model for Communication of Sensors Deployed in Precision Agriculture

“…The corresponding energy utilization and leftover energy-related graphs are shown in Figure 6. For better analysis of the efficiency, the model is analyzed with other cutting-edge techniques like cumulative low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy-LEACH(Cum_LEACH) [49], stable election protocol (SEP) [50], and distributed energy-efficient clustering (DEEC) [51]. The model is evaluated with an initial energy of 50 mW instead of 100 mW as the initial simulated energy for the other evaluations.…”

“…The energy consumption and leftover energy graphs are shown in Figure 7, with reduced initial energy over 500 rounds. LEACH(Cum_LEACH) [49], stable election protocol (SEP) [50], and distributed energy-efficient clustering (DEEC) [51]. The model is evaluated with an initial energy of 50 mW instead of 100 mW as the initial simulated energy for the other evaluations.…”

IoT energy efficiency routing protocol using FHO‐based clustering and improved CSO model‐based routing in MANET

“…Repuri and Darsy discuss new energy-efficient routing based on LoRa networks in this paper. 19 A modified LEACH algorithm, clustering hierarchy (Cum_LEACH), is presented for choosing the cluster leader among the nodes. The aggregate energy of the nodes is used to determine the cluster's leader.…”

“…Equations ( 19) and ( 21), which deal with the rooster update, employ a parallel update method. While both equations are true at the same time, the majority of roosters update to increase the algorithm's accuracy of the solution, following Equation (19). To ensure diversity, a few roosters are updated in accordance with Equation ( 21) to increase the likelihood of leaving the optimal local solution.…”

Low-Power IoT for Monitoring Unconnected Remote Areas

“…Reference [16] introduces a novel energy-efficient routing criterion for a smart grid environment. It adopts LoRa nodes implementing optimal channel and path selection techniques, thus obtaining a lower energy consumption than other routing protocols such as Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), Stable Election Protocol (SEP), and Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering (DEEC).…”