Energy-efficient routing protocols for UWSNs: A comprehensive review of taxonomy, challenges, opportunities, future research directions, and machine learning perspectives

Ullah Khan, Sajid; Ulalh Khan, Zahid; Alkhowaiter, Mohammed; Khan, Javed; Ullah, Shahid

doi:10.1016/j.jksuci.2024.102128

Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Scie

2024

DOI: 10.1016/j.jksuci.2024.102128

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Energy-efficient routing protocols for UWSNs: A comprehensive review of taxonomy, challenges, opportunities, future research directions, and machine learning perspectives

Sajid Ullah Khan,

Zahid Ulalh Khan,

Mohammed Alkhowaiter

et al.

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2024

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Cited by 4 publications

References 106 publications

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A survey on localization and energy efficiency in UWSN: bio-inspired approach

Murali,

Shankar

2024

Discov Appl Sci

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The underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) area is a developing area of research since there are tremendous opportunities like surveying marine life, installing and monitoring optical cables, detecting earthquakes, and surveillance of territorial borders. Though many applications exist, underwater research explored to date is less than five percent as it poses many issues and challenges like water currents, temperature, pressure, water salinity, disturbance by aquatic animals, and many more factors that affect the performance of sensors deployed inside water. A significant issue UWSNs face is focusing on energy efficiency to extend the life of submerged sensors placed in isolated areas. Resolving localization concerns is a primary additional concern. In this comprehensive survey, the basics of UWSNs are covered in the introduction, followed by a thorough literature review of the existing works mainly focusing on localization, energy efficiency, Bio-inspired algorithms (BIA), and the impact of implementing Machine Learning (ML) are discussed. In concurrent sections, we have discussed attributes, parameters useful for analysis, issues and challenges in UWSN, soft computing techniques, software and hardware tools available for extended research, and opportunities in UWSN. The researchers could gain perspective pathways at the end of this survey.

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A survey on localization and energy efficiency in UWSN: bio-inspired approach

Murali,

Shankar

2024

Discov Appl Sci

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DA-Net: A classification-guided network for dental anomaly detection from dental and maxillofacial images

2024

Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Scie

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A Q-Learning-Based Approach to Design an Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for UWSNs Through Collision Avoidance

Gang,

Rahman,

Zhou

et al. 2024

Electronics

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Deploying and effectively utilizing wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in underwater habitats remains a challenging task. In underwater wireless sensors networks (UWSNs), the availability of a continuous energy source for communicating with nodes is either very costly or is prohibited due to the marine life law enforcement agencies. So, in order to address this issue, we present a Q-learning-based approach to designing an energy-efficient medium access control (MAC) protocol for UWSNs through collision avoidance. The main goal is to prolong the network’s lifespan by optimizing the communication methods, specifically focusing on improving the energy efficiency of the MAC protocols. Factors affecting the energy consumption in communication are adjustments to the interference ranges, i.e., changing frequencies repeatedly to obtain optimal communication; data packet retransmissions in case of a false acknowledgment; and data packet collision occurrences in the channel. Our chosen protocol stands out by enabling sensor (Rx) nodes to avoid collisions without needing extra communication or prior interference knowledge. According to the results obtained through simulations, our protocol may increase the network’s performance in terms of network throughput by up to 23% when compared to benchmark protocols depending on the typical traffic load. It simultaneously decreases end-to-end latency, increases the packet delivery ratio (PDR), boosts channel usage, and lessens packet collisions by over 38%. All these gains result in minimizing the network’s energy consumption, with a proportional gain.

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Energy-efficient routing protocols for UWSNs: A comprehensive review of taxonomy, challenges, opportunities, future research directions, and machine learning perspectives

Cited by 4 publications

References 106 publications

A survey on localization and energy efficiency in UWSN: bio-inspired approach

A survey on localization and energy efficiency in UWSN: bio-inspired approach

DA-Net: A classification-guided network for dental anomaly detection from dental and maxillofacial images

A Q-Learning-Based Approach to Design an Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for UWSNs Through Collision Avoidance

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