Energy Optimization Strategies for Eco-Friendly Cellular Base Stations

Alsharif, Mohammed H.; Kim, Jeong; Kim, Jin

doi:10.3390/en11061500

Cited by 9 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Moreover, the internet of things (IoT)-based smart monitoring system can be incorporated to control the generated power of the solar PV system [50,51]. The annual energy produced by the solar PV panel can be determined as follows [52,53]…”

Section: Solar Pv Panelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The electrical power generated by the wind turbine mainly depends on the speed of the wind, condition of weather, and the height of the turbine above the ground. The amount of power generated by the wind turbine can be estimated as follows [53,54]…”

Section: Wind Turbinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The amount of back power supplied by the energy storage devices mostly depends on battery autonomy (B aut ). B aut determines the number of potential hours that the battery bank can supply without support from the RES and can be expressed as follows [53]…”

Section: Battery Bankmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Renewable Energy-Aware Sustainable Cellular Networks with Load Balancing and Energy-Sharing Technique

et al. 2020

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With the proliferation of cellular networks, the ubiquitous availability of new-generation multimedia devices, and their wide-ranging data applications, telecom network operators are increasingly deploying the number of cellular base stations (BSs) to deal with unprecedented service demand. The rapid and radical deployment of the cellular network significantly exerts energy consumption and carbon footprints to the atmosphere. The ultimate objective of this work is to develop a sustainable and environmentally-friendly cellular infrastructure through compelling utilization of the locally available renewable energy sources (RES) namely solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), and biomass generator (BG). This article addresses the key challenges of envisioning the hybrid solar PV/WT/BG powered macro BSs in Bangladesh considering the dynamic profile of the RES and traffic intensity in the tempo-spatial domain. The optimal system architecture and technical criteria of the proposed system are critically evaluated with the help of HOMER optimization software for both on-grid and off-grid conditions to downsize the electricity generation cost and waste outflows while ensuring the desired quality of experience (QoE) over 20 years duration. Besides, the green energy-sharing mechanism under the off-grid condition and the grid-tied condition has been critically analyzed for optimal use of green energy. Moreover, the heuristic algorithm of the load balancing technique among collocated BSs has been incorporated for elevating the throughput and energy efficiency (EE) as well. The spectral efficiency (SE), energy efficiency, and outage probability performance of the contemplated wireless network are substantially examined using Matlab based Monte–Carlo simulation under a wide range of network configurations. Simulation results reveal that the proper load balancing technique pledges zero outage probability with expected system performance whereas energy cooperation policy offers an attractive solution for developing green mobile communications employing better utilization of renewable energy under the proposed hybrid solar PV/WT/BG scheme.

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Section: Solar Pv Panelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Wind Turbinementioning

confidence: 99%

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Renewable Energy-Aware Sustainable Cellular Networks with Load Balancing and Energy-Sharing Technique

et al. 2020

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“…Further, it is expected to rise immensely in the impending days due to the different sorts of IoT devices [5]. Therefore, the chief concentrations of WNOs involved providing great data rates while considering energy-effectual concerns [6]. Furthermore, the snowballing qualms of the WNOs about higher energy consumption rates forced them to increase the OPEX savings and increase the attentiveness of global warming concerns and other environmental glitches [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization Analysis of Sustainable Solar Power System for Mobile Communication Systems

Alsharif¹,

Kannadasan²,

Hassan³

et al. 2022

Computers, Materials &Amp; Continua

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Cellular mobile technology has witnessed tremendous growth in recent times. One of the challenges facing the operators to extend the coverage of the networks to meet the rising demand for cellular mobile services is the power sources used to supply cellular towers with energy, especially in remote. Thus, switch from the conventional sources of energy to a greener and sustainable power model became a target of the academic and industrial sectors in many fields; one of these important fields is the telecommunication sector. Accordingly, this study aims to find the optimum sizing and technoeconomic investigation of a solar photovoltaic scheme to deploy cellular mobile technology infrastructure cleanly and sustainably. The optimal solarpowered system is designed by employing the energy-balance procedures of the HOMER software tool. The problem objective is considered in terms of cost, but the energy system is constrained to meet the power demand reliably. Process simulations were performed to determine the optimum sizing, performance and monetary cost of the power system, using long-term meteorological datasets for a case study site with defined longitude (31 • 25 E) and latitude (30 • 06 N). From the observed results, the total net present cost (NPC) of the proposed system is $28,187. Indeed, these outcomes can provide profound economic, technical, and ecological benefits to cellular operators. It also ensures a sizeable reduction in greenhouse gas that supports sustainable green wireless network (WN) deployment in remote areas.

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“…The monitoring system can generate energy through a reaction between soil moisture and microorganisms. Ecofriendly energy sources such as solar power, wind power, and MFCs can generally be applied in specific areas, such as monitoring in different field environments, because they supply power to remote sensors without necessitating regular battery changes, although their energy conversion efficiencies are low (Lin et al, 2015;Alsharif et al, 2018;Xu et al, 2019). Therefore, continued research on such eco-friendly energy sources is required.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficiency of Spathiphyllum spp. as a plant-microbial fuel cell

Kwon

Park

2021

Ornam. Hortic.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the utility of an ornamental plant, Spathiphyllum spp., as a plant-microbial fuel cell (Plant MFC) to produce voltage and current. This study also evaluated the effect of the Plant MFC on water use efficiency and plant growth. The experiment used four experimental groups: used MFC without plant (Soil MFC), used MFC with plant (Plant MFC), unused MFC without plant (Soil Pot), and unused MFC with plant (Plant Pot). Plant MFC generated higher voltage and current levels than Soil MFC. The average voltage of Plant MFC and Soil MFC was 0.475 V and 0.375 V, respectively, and the average current was 0.110 mA and 0.030 mA, respectively. Plant MFC using Spathiphyllum spp. produced a constant voltage output, with a deviation of 0.027 V during the four-month indoor experiment. The difference between the maximum and minimum voltage during the day was as small as 0.015 V, which supports the utility of Plant MFC as a stable power source. Volumetric soil moisture content, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), photosynthesis rate, leaf area, fresh weight, and dry weight of Plant MFC and Plant Pot were measured. There was no significant difference in any values, and volumetric soil moisture and plant growth were not affected by the utilization of Plant MFC. Thus, a Plant-MFC using Spathiphyllum spp. can play the same ornamental role as conventional plants and at the same time be used as a sustainable bioelectricity source.

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Energy Optimization Strategies for Eco-Friendly Cellular Base Stations

Cited by 9 publications

References 17 publications

Renewable Energy-Aware Sustainable Cellular Networks with Load Balancing and Energy-Sharing Technique

Renewable Energy-Aware Sustainable Cellular Networks with Load Balancing and Energy-Sharing Technique

Optimization Analysis of Sustainable Solar Power System for Mobile Communication Systems

Efficiency of Spathiphyllum spp. as a plant-microbial fuel cell

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