Energy Storage Systems for Shipboard Microgrids—A Review

Abstract

In recent years, concerns about severe environmental pollution and fossil fuel consumption has grabbed attention in the transportation industry, particularly in marine vessels. Another key challenge in ships is the fluctuations caused by high dynamic loads. In order to have a higher reliability in shipboard power systems, presently more generators are kept online operating much below their efficient point. Hence, to improve the fuel efficiency of shipboard power systems, the minimum generator operation with N-1 safety can be considered as a simple solution, a tradeoff between fuel economy and reliability. It is based on the fact that the fewer the number of generators that are brought online, the more load is on each generator such that allowing the generators to run on better fuel efficiency region. In all-electric ships, the propulsion and service loads are integrated to a common network in order to attain improved fuel consumption with lesser emissions in contrast to traditional approaches where propulsion and service loads are fed by separate generators. In order to make the shipboard power system more reliable, integration of energy storage system (ESS) is found out to be an effective solution. Energy storage devices, which are currently being used in several applications consist of batteries, ultra-capacitor, flywheel, and fuel cell. Among the batteries, lithium-ion is one of the most used type battery in fully electric zero-emission ferries with the shorter route (around 5 to 10 km). Hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) are one of the solutions, which can be implemented in high power/energy density applications. In this case, two or more energy storage devices can be hybridized to achieve the benefits from both of them, although it is still a challenge to apply presently such application by a single energy storage device. The aim of this paper is to review several types of energy storage devices that have been extensively used to improve the reliability, fuel consumption, dynamic behavior, and other shortcomings for shipboard power systems. Besides, a summary is conducted to address most of the applied technologies mentioned in the literature with the aim of highlighting the challenges of integrating the ESS in the shipboard microgrids.

Economic Dispatch of BESS and Renewable Generators in DC Microgrids Using Voltage-Dependent Load Models

“…The integration of multiple renewable energy resources in electrical networks has mostly been driven by global concerns about the effects of global warming. Renewable energy integration is regarded as a solution that can mitigate this problem by minimizing greenhouse gas emissions, which are primarily produced by transport and energy systems [1,2]. These generation technologies are intended to replace the fossil fuels used for electricity generation gradually.…”

“…The inclusion of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) in electrical networks is independent of the operational characteristic of the network; that is, the electrical grid can be operated in alternating current (AC) [5] or direct current (DC) mode [3]. The possibility of integrating BESSs lies in the incorporation of AC or DC devices that use power electronic converters to manage the power interchange between them and the grid [1,2].…”

Dynamic Emulation of a PEM Electrolyzer by Time Constant Based Exponential Model

“…Over the last years, fossil fuel reserves have significantly decreased due to growing demand. Indeed, fossil fuels are widely used in transportation, industrial and electric power sectors [1]. As a result, intensive use of fossil fuels has had negative impacts and is the main source of air pollution and the primary emitter of carbon dioxide and others greenhouse gas [2,3].…”

Development and 24 Hour Behavior Analysis of a Peak-Shaving Equipment with Battery Storage

“…During charge (electricity storage), an external voltage source force the electrons on the reverse path, from the cathode to the anode. Among the popular battery technologies, lead-acid is considered a mature and low-cost technology [13]. On the other hand, it has less energy and power density than other technologies, such as lithium-ion [13].…”

“…Among the popular battery technologies, lead-acid is considered a mature and low-cost technology [13]. On the other hand, it has less energy and power density than other technologies, such as lithium-ion [13]. Due to its high energy-to-weight ratio, lithium-ion is the preferred technology for portable applications and electric vehicles [14].…”