Engineering Development of Lithium/Metal Sulfide Battery Technology for Vehicle Propulsion: Summary Report - October 1977-September 1978.

Conceptual designs for utility load-leveling battery with Li/FeS cells

“…: ;the EV battery development program at ANL, W. H. DeLuca et al 5 developed " means of equalizing in which conductors are run to each intercell connector in the series string.…”

“…An electronic system for equalizing charge in an electric vehicle (EV) battery has been developed by DeLuca et al 5 In this system, each cell in the series string has one equalizing conductor connected to each of its terminals; and these conductors are extended to the ambient-temperature region external to the battery's thermal insulation. Each cell's equalizing conductor is connected to an electronic circuit (one circuit for each cell) which monitors the cell voltage and shunts the charging current around a cell when the terminal voltage of that cell reaches a preset level, such as 1.6 V (full charge).…”