Enhanced biodiesel production via esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) using rice husk ash (NiSO4)/SiO2 catalyst

Embong, Nurul Hajar; Hindryawati, Noor; Bhuyar, Prakash; Nagarajan, G.; Rahim, Mohd Hasbi Ab.; Maniam, Gaanty Pragas

doi:10.1007/s13204-021-01922-4

Cited by 19 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…On a global level, the GHG emissions due to oil consumption keep increasing. Based on Global Carbon Project data, the GHG emissions from oil consumption drastically increased from 1750 (i.e., 9.35 million t) to 2020 (i.e., 13.98 billion t) [4]. This approximately indicates a +149,369% relative change between 1750 and 2020 [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In line with the raised questions, few studies exist in the literature; many have explored the use of alternative liquid fuels (including biofuels and waste-derived fuels) and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) in CI engines [12][13][14][15][16][17]. Among the many waste-derived fuels, waste plastic oil (WPO) is one that is widely proposed for CI engines in literature even after witnessing net-zero energy options for industrial systems and high-valued waste-plastic derived porous carbons [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, few have worked on design aspects and thermal barrier coating (TBC) methods to enhance performance; among them, nano-coating materials are the most recently emerging [19][20][21]. First, biofuels in blends with conventional fuels are explored to minimize fuel usage and engine emissions [12,13]. However, many researchers have found a limitation with thermal efficiency [14][15][16][17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exhaust Gas Recirculation on a Nano-Coated Combustion Chamber of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Waste Plastic Oil

Saravanan¹,

Ettappan²,

Kumar

et al. 2022

Sustainability

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Managing waste plastic is becoming a severe challenge. The industry and researchers have been looking at various opportunities in line with circular economy principles for effective plastic waste management. In that context, plastic waste valorization to oil as a substitute to fossil fuel has gained recent attention. In the literature, there exist few studies showing the use of oil derived from waste plastics in blends with other conventional fuels in compression ignition (CI) engines; however, studies on CI engines that use 100% waste-derived fuels are limited. Additionally, the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) concepts and the use of nano-coated chambers (like pistons, valves and cylinders heads) have been gaining interest purely from the engine performance enhancement perspective in recent years. Therefore, this study investigates engine performance by combining exhaust gas from the EGR technique and waste plastic oil (WPO) as inputs, followed by thermal coatings in the CI engine chambers for performance enhancement. The experimental setup of the engine is developed, and the engine’s piston, valve and cylinder heads are coated with Al2O3-SiO4 material. The CI engine’s energy, emission, and combustion characteristics are tested, followed by a scenario analysis compared with diesel-only fuel. The tested scenarios include a WPO + Al2O3-SiO4, WPO + Al2O3-SiO4 + 10% EGR, and WPO + Al2O3-SiO4 + 20% EGR. The results show that the piston crown’s thermal coating increased the combustion performance. Significant impacts on the carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and smoke characteristics are observed for different %EGR rates. The results also showed that the cooled EGR engine has decreased nitric oxide emissions. Overall, the results show that WPO combined with exhaust gas could be a potential fuel for future CI engines.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exhaust Gas Recirculation on a Nano-Coated Combustion Chamber of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Waste Plastic Oil

Saravanan¹,

Ettappan²,

Kumar

et al. 2022

Sustainability

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“…This is enriched with siliceous ash and thus contains a high proportion of silica, i.e., approximately 90-97% [20]. Several researchers have evaluated the use of rice husk ash (RHA) as a precursor catalyst for the production of biodiesel from a range of sources including soybean oil [21,22], palm oil [23], and waste cooking oil [24]. Its use as a support substance for nickel sulphate as a solid acid catalyst has also been studied for the transformation of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) to methyl ester with respect to a range of molar ratios of MeOH:oil, the quantity of catalyst, and recyclability [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient and Stable Rice Husk Bioderived Silica Supported Cu2S-FeS for One Pot Esterification and Transesterification of a Malaysian Palm Fatty Acid Distillate

et al. 2022

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A novel heterogeneous catalyst composite (CuS-FeS/SiO2) derived from rice husk silica was engineered following pyrolysis, chemical precipitation, and chemical redox technique. The resulting catalyst was applied to the conversion of palm fatty acid distillate to biodiesel. The presence of CuS and FeS on the catalyst was verified using X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nitrogen physisorption, scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDS) spectroscopy, and temperature-programmed desorption of NH3 (TPD-NH3), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and TGA; a specific surface area of approximately 40 m2·g−1 was identified. The impact of independent variables, i.e., reaction temperature, reaction duration, methanol:oil ratio and catalyst concentration were evaluated with respect to the efficacy of the esterification reaction. The greatest efficiency of 98% with a high productivity rate of 2639.92 µmol·g−1·min−1 with k of 4.03 × 10−6 mole·S−1 was achieved with the following parameters: temperature, 70 °C; duration, 180 min; catalyst loading, 2 wt.%; and methanol to oil ratio, 15:1. The CuS-FeS/SiO2 catalyst showed relatively high stability indicated by its ability to be reused up to five times.

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“…Natural oil has been considered as one of the paramount sources in the oleochemical industry has been used substantially in making chemical products. Malaysia produces approximately 1.48 million metric tonnes of palm oil yearly (Nitin et al, 2020;Embong et al, 2021;Bhuyar et al, 2021) . In Germany, plant oil plays an important role by bestowing 30% of 2.7 million tonnes of oil for the production of polyols every year (Meier, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas chromatography analysis for the performance evaluation of the palm oil cross-metathesis using 1-octene

Thangavel

Yee

2021

Maejo Int. J. Energ. Environ. Comm. or MIJEEC

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Palm oil is one of the important raw materials in the oleochemical industry for downstream expansion and sustainability. The built-in functionality and availability of oil worldwide make palm oil more attractive. It can be further modified using the cross-metathesis process for the production of bio-based polyol. In this study the cross metathesised palm oil was pre-treated with different types of pre-treatment methods namely transesterification, silylation, methylation and dilution to find the best pre-treatment method. Moreover, the pre-treated samples were analysed using two different Gas chromatography columns installed to the Gas chromatography flame ionisation detector (GC-FID). The best pre-treatment method was then used to prepare the samples taken from the palm oil octenolysis at different molar ratio of palm oil to 1-octene. According to the findings of this research, dilution method outperformed other pre-treatment methods.

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Enhanced biodiesel production via esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) using rice husk ash (NiSO4)/SiO2 catalyst

Cited by 19 publications

References 44 publications

Exhaust Gas Recirculation on a Nano-Coated Combustion Chamber of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Waste Plastic Oil

Exhaust Gas Recirculation on a Nano-Coated Combustion Chamber of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Waste Plastic Oil

Efficient and Stable Rice Husk Bioderived Silica Supported Cu2S-FeS for One Pot Esterification and Transesterification of a Malaysian Palm Fatty Acid Distillate

Gas chromatography analysis for the performance evaluation of the palm oil cross-metathesis using 1-octene

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