Enhanced clearance of a multiple antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus in rats treated with PGG-glucan is associated with increased leukocyte counts and increased neutrophil oxidative burst activity

Liang, Jinsheng; Melican, D.; Cafro, Lauren; Palace, Gerard P.; Fisette, Leslie; Armstrong, Robert C.; Patchen, Myra L.

doi:10.1016/s0192-0561(98)00007-1

Cited by 125 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…54 By binding to those receptors, b-glucan initiates a cascade of events that results in enhanced macrophage and neutrophil function and increased microbial clearance. 55,56 Our observation of an increase in WBCs seems consistent with the mechanisms described for b-glucan and with the previous reporting of increased blood natural killer lymphocytes in children receiving fungal b-glucan. 22,57 To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting a potential impact of oral intake of yeast b-glucan on immune markers in healthy children.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Follow-up Formula Consumption in 3- to 4-Year-Olds and Respiratory Infections: An RCT

Jin

Liu

et al. 2014

Pediatrics

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OBJECTIVE: Children are vulnerable to diet inadequacies, which may affect immune function. Our objective was to determine if a follow-up formula (FUF) containing DHA, the prebiotics PDX and GOS, and yeast β-glucan affects incidence of respiratory infections and diarrheal disease in healthy children. METHODS: In a double-blind, randomized, controlled, prospective trial, 3-4 year old children were fed 3 servings per day of either a FUF with 25 mg DHA, 1.2 g PDX/GOS, and 8.7 mg yeast β-glucan per serving or an unfortified, cow’s milk-based beverage (control) for 28 weeks. Fecal and blood samples were collected to assess immune markers and iron/zinc status. Incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARI), diarrheal disease, and antibiotic treatment were obtained from medical records. RESULTS: The FUF group had fewer episodes and shorter duration of ARI (mean days [SE]; control = 4.3 [0.2]; FUF = 3.5 [0.2]; P = .007), less antibiotic use (n [%]; control = 21 [14%]; FUF = 8 [5%]; P = .01), and fewer missed days of day care due to illness. No diarrheal disease was diagnosed in either group. The FUF group had higher interleukin-10 and white blood cell count at the end of the study. There were no differences in hemoglobin, serum ferritin and zinc, or fecal secretory immunoglobulin A. CONCLUSIONS: Daily consumption of a FUF was associated with fewer episodes and shorter duration of ARI, as well as less antibiotic use. The children who consumed the FUF had increased interleukin-10 and white blood cells, suggesting an antiinflammatory mechanism and/or an increase of effector immune cells.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Follow-up Formula Consumption in 3- to 4-Year-Olds and Respiratory Infections: An RCT

Jin

Liu

et al. 2014

Pediatrics

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“…Augmentation of the host response by immunomodulators is an alternative to the use of antibiotics in the prevention and/or treatment of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. For instance, glucan, which has been studied extensively because of its ability to enhance host innate immunity, decreased septic complications and improved survival in septic hosts [18][19][20].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The immunomodulator ginsan induces resistance to experimental sepsis by inhibiting Toll‐like receptor‐mediated inflammatory signals

et al. 2005

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Ginsan, a polysaccharide extracted from Panax ginseng, has multiple immunomodulatory effects. In this study, we show that pretreatment of ginsan (25 lg/kg) protected mice from lethality induced by Staphylococcus aureus challenge. This survival benefit was associated with enhanced bacterial clearance from circulation, spleen and kidney. The phagocytic activity of macrophages treated with ginsan was significantly enhanced against S. aureus. However, the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNFa, IL-1b, IL-6, IFN-c, IL-12, and IL-18, was markedly down-regulated in ginsan-treated mice compared with those of control-infected mice. The expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and the adaptor molecule MyD88, which was greatly increased in septic macrophages, was significantly reduced by ginsan treatment in vitro. Similarly, the expression of phospho-JNK1/2, phospho-p38 MAPK, and NF-jB was decreased in the same culture system. These results illustrate that the antiseptic activity of ginsan can be attributed to enhanced bacterial clearance, and reduced proinflammatory cytokines via the TLR signaling pathway.

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“…The protective effect of β-glucans was shown in experimental infection with Leishmania major (Al Tuwaiji et al, 1987) and L. donovani (Cook and Holbrook, 1984), C. albicans (Bacon and Farmer, 1968), Toxoplasma gondii (Bousquet et al, 1988), Streptococcus suis (Dritz (Kumar and Ahmad, 1985), Staphylococcus aureus (Liang et al, 1998), Escherichia coli (Rasmussen and Seljelid, 1990), Mesocestoides corti (White et al, 1988), Trypanosoma cruzi (Williams et al, 1989), Eimeria vermiformis (Yun et al, 1998), and anthrax infection (Vetvicka et al, 2002).…”

Section: Glucan and Immunological Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

β-Glucans, History, and the Present: Immunomodulatory Aspects and Mechanisms of Action

Novák

Větvička²

2008

Journal of Immunotoxicology

296

219

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The present paper represents a comprehensive up-to-date review of β-glucans, their chemical and biological properties, and their role in immunological reactions. β-D-Glucans belong to a group of physiologically active compounds called biological response modifiers and represent highly conserved structural components of cell walls in yeast, fungi, or seaweed. Despite almost 150 years of research, the exact mechanisms of their action remain unclear. The present review starts with the history of glucans. Next, attention is focused on sources and structure, comparing the effects of physicochemical properties, and sources on biological effects. As glucans belong to natural products useful in preventing various diseases, they have been highly sought after throughout human history. Based on extensive recent research, this paper explains the various mechanisms of effects and the ways glucans mediate their effects on defense reactions against infections. Despite the fact that predominately pharmacological effects of glucans are positive, their unfavorable and potentially toxic side effects were not overlooked. In addition, attention was focused on the future research, possible alternatives such as synthetic oligosaccharides, and on clinical applications.

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Enhanced clearance of a multiple antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus in rats treated with PGG-glucan is associated with increased leukocyte counts and increased neutrophil oxidative burst activity

Cited by 125 publications

References 41 publications

Follow-up Formula Consumption in 3- to 4-Year-Olds and Respiratory Infections: An RCT

Follow-up Formula Consumption in 3- to 4-Year-Olds and Respiratory Infections: An RCT

The immunomodulator ginsan induces resistance to experimental sepsis by inhibiting Toll‐like receptor‐mediated inflammatory signals

β-Glucans, History, and the Present: Immunomodulatory Aspects and Mechanisms of Action

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