“…Besides endogenous factors of materials, the exogenous parameters, such as the medium of the sample, method of illumination, angle of incidence, and numerical aperture of the objective, also influence the resulting image. Thus, the CytoViva TM enhanced dark-field illumination system (CytoViva, Auburn, Al, USA), widely used in biology and medicine, increases the SNR up to ten times by efficiently utilising these features [49,50]. In the enhanced dark-field microscopy (EDFM), the fibre optic illumination source is directly connected to the cardioid annular oil immersion dark-field condenser to reflect the aberration-free light at an oblique angle [51].…”