Enhanced Effect of Polyethyleneimine-Modified Graphene Oxide and Simvastatin on Osteogenic Differentiation of Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Abstract

Statin derivatives traditionally have been used for the treatment of hyperlipidemia, but recent studies have shown their ability to regulate bone metabolism and promote bone growth. In this study, simvastatin (Sim), a new therapeutic candidate for bone regeneration, was combined with graphene oxide (GO), which has recently attracted much interest as a drug delivery method, to produce a compound substance effective for bone regeneration. To create a stable and homogenous complex with Sim, GO was modified with polyethylenimine, and the effect of modification was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, zeta potential, and cytotoxicity testing. More specifically, the osteogenic differentiation potential expected by the combination of the two effective materials for osteogenic differentiation, GO and Sim, was evaluated in mesenchymal stem cells. Compared with control groups with GO and Sim used separately, the GO/Sim complex showed excellent osteogenic differentiation properties, with especially enhanced effects in the complex containing < 1 μM Sim.

Influence of MXene Particles with a Stacked-Lamellar Structure on Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

“…Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to investigate the osteogenic effects of MXene via gene expression. The synthesis of cDNA from total RNA was examined for 2 weeks in accordance with the protocol of the cDNA Synthesis Kit (NanoHelix, Daejeon, Korea) [ 24 ]. First, 1 μg of RNA extracted from cells was used to synthesize cDNA by reverse transcription.…”

Impact of Graphene Derivatives as Artificial Extracellular Matrices on Mesenchymal Stem Cells

“…The embryos were rinsed with fish water and incubated in acridine orange (100 µg/mL) for 1 h at 28 • C. Finally, the fluorescence of the whole embryo was measured and quantified using Image Pro Plus software [138]. The use of the alkaline phosphate (ALP) assay to record the synergetic effects of Simvastatin and Polyethyleneimine inducing GO were evaluated regarding the capability for bone generation using MSCs, as presented in Figure 8 [139].…”

Correction: Oh et al. Enhanced Effect of Polyethyleneimine-Modified Graphene Oxide and Simvastatin on Osteogenic Differentiation of Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Biomedicines 2021, 9, 501

“…Jeong-Sun Park was not included as an author in the original publication [ 1 ]. The corrected Author Contributions Statement appears here.…”

“…In the original publication [ 1 ], Park ( 2018 ) was not cited. The citation has now been inserted in the legends of figures and references’ order has also been adjusted.…”

“…In the original publication [ 1 ], there was a mistake in the legends of all figures. This study is based on Jeong-Sun Park’s Master thesis [29], so the Master thesis has to be cited in the legends of those figures .…”