Enhanced Isopropyl Alcohol Conversion over Acidic Nickel Phosphate-Supported Zeolite Catalysts

Abstract

In this preliminary research, the catalytic activity of isopropyl alcohol conversion to diisopropyl ether through dehydration reaction catalyzed by zeolite-Ni and zeolite-Ni(H2PO4)2 was comparatively described. The natural zeolite was treated with 1% HF and 6 N HCl prior to modifications using the impregnation method. Isopropyl alcohol conversion was examined at a mild temperature of 150 °C for 3.5 h on the reflux system with various catalyst loadings. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared analysis confirmed the successful impregnation of nickel and nickel phosphate into the zeolite. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed a cubic-like structure on zeolite-Ni(H2PO4)2, whereas homogenously distributed nickel species were observed on the zeolite-Ni catalyst. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis reinforced the accomplishment of zeolite modifications. The N2 physisorption isotherms showed a decline in the surface area and total pore volume of the zeolite because of the blocking of pores. The zeolite-Ni(H2PO4)2 catalyst had higher acidity than unmodified zeolite and zeolite-Ni catalysts, which inherently suggested that the presence of phosphate groups results in higher catalytic activity toward isopropyl alcohol. The highest catalytic activity was attained by 8 mEq/g metal loading zeolite-Ni(H2PO4)2 with isopropyl alcohol conversion of 81.51%, diisopropyl ether yield, and selectivity of 40.77 and 33.16%. The reusability study suggested that the zeolite-Ni(H2PO4)2 catalyst was still active and had sufficient catalytic activity stability toward isopropyl alcohol after the third cycle was reused. This nickel phosphate-based modified zeolite was adequately potential for diisopropyl ether production through isopropyl alcohol dehydration.

Microstructure Investigations of Natural Clay From Pattallassang District, Takalar Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia

“…The specific surface area of the clay was measured using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method as shown in Figure 2 and the interpretation in Table 1. The specific surface area was found to be 59.26 m 2 /g greater than previous study (Hasanudin et al, 2022). It indicates that the clay has a relatively large surface area, which can affect its water retention properties.…”

“…Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the clay from the Pattalassang district exhibits platelet-shaped XRD patterns with a distribution of 75% particles that are between 5 and 25 nm (based on Equation1).The specific surface area of the clay was measured using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method as shown in Figure2and the interpretation in Table1. The specific surface area was found to be 59.26 m 2 /g greater than previous study(Hasanudin et al, 2022). It indicates that the clay has a relatively large surface area, which can affect its water retention properties.…”

“…In this study, we performed a BJH analysis to investigate the pore size distribution of a material with an average pore diameter of 32.77 nm. When compared to other natural materials like zeolite (Zhu et al, 2022) (Hasanudin et al, 2022), bentonite (Khandelwal, Hun, & Kim, 2023), and even carbon (Zahmatkesh, Safaee, & Sillanpää, 2022), the pore size distribution achieved is greater. The BJH analysis involves measuring the amount of liquid adsorbed by a material at different levels of relative pressure.…”

Enhancement of Catalytic Activity on Crude Palm Oil Hydrocracking over SiO2/Zr Assisted with Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate

“…The S BET of SiO 2 /Zr was lower S BET compared with the parent SiO 2 owing to the pore blocking of Zr species. 41 Despite the fact that the SiO 2 /Zr-KHF2 prepared by the template method exhibited a decrease in S BET , this method increased the total pore volume ( V p ), suggesting an enhancement in the pore features of the catalyst. Conversely, SiO 2 /Zr-KHF1 prepared using the chelate method significantly decreased the pore volume.…”

“…The textural properties of the parent SiO 2 and its modifications are listed in Table . The S BET of SiO 2 /Zr was lower S BET compared with the parent SiO 2 owing to the pore blocking of Zr species . Despite the fact that the SiO 2 /Zr-KHF2 prepared by the template method exhibited a decrease in S BET , this method increased the total pore volume ( V p ), suggesting an enhancement in the pore features of the catalyst.…”