Selective impregnation
of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs)
into the interior of pine cones was achieved via inherent folding
actuation of the cone by water absorption. Individually dispersed
aqueous-phase SWNTs were incorporated into the cone along the pathway
of water absorption, and consequently, a concentrated SWNT inclusion
was formed on the scales of the cone. To fully exploit its properties
as a carbon precursor, the cone was further treated with potassium
hydroxide (KOH) solution. The KOH treatment altered the qualitative
properties of the cone, which was used to generate activated carbons,
and led to swelling of the cell wall of the cone to ultimately increase
the size of the pores formed via carbonization. Inclusion of the SWNTs
in the cone and the effect of KOH treatment were determined by the
characteristics of the constituent tissues of the cone, which offered
the opportunity of achieving tissue-dependent textural and electrochemical
properties of the carbonized cones. Representatively, the activated
and SWNT-impregnated carbonized cone sample (from a specific part
of the scale) possessed the optimized properties of high surface area
(639 m2 g–1) and high specific capacitance
(310 F g–1). As a model application, the carbonized
cone was evaluated as an electrode material for electrochemical capacitors,
and demonstrated energy and power densities exceeding those of previously
reported biomass-derived carbons. Our approach provides more options
for improving the properties of biomass-derived carbons. Furthermore,
it is expected to provide a useful way to bridge the dimensional gap
between the nanocarbon species and the biomass precursors to promote
commercialization of the materials.