Enhanced Triacylglycerol Content and Gene Expression for Triacylglycerol Metabolism, Acyl-Ceramide Synthesis, and Corneocyte Lipid Formation in the Epidermis of Borage Oil Fed Guinea Pigs

Abstract

Triacylglycerol (TAG) metabolism is related to the acyl-ceramide (Cer) synthesis and corneocyte lipid envelope (CLE) formation involved in maintaining the epidermal barrier. Prompted by the recovery of a disrupted epidermal barrier with dietary borage oil (BO: 40.9% linoleic acid (LNA) and 24.0% γ-linolenic acid (GLA)) in essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency, lipidomic and transcriptome analyses and subsequent quantitative RT-PCR were performed to determine the effects of borage oil (BO) on TAG content and species, and the gene expression related to overall lipid metabolism. Dietary BO for 2 weeks in EFA-deficient guinea pigs increased the total TAG content, including the TAG species esterified LNA, GLA, and their C20 metabolized fatty acids. Moreover, the expression levels of genes in the monoacylglycerol and glycerol-3-phosphate pathways, two major pathways of TAG synthesis, increased, along with those of TAG lipase, acyl-Cer synthesis, and CLE formation. Dietary BO enhanced TAG content, the gene expression of TAG metabolism, acyl-Cer synthesis, and CLE formation.

Positive Correlation of Triacylglycerols with Increased Chain Length and Unsaturation with ω-O-Acylceramide and Ceramide-NP as Well as Acidic pH in the Skin Surface of Healthy Korean Adults

“…The deficiency of enzymes associated with TG hydrolysis or synthesis such as CGI-58 and diacylglycerol acyltransferase2 (DGAT2) has been shown to decrease ω-O-acylCER along with exhibiting skin barrier defects in mice and humans [ 19 , 20 ]. In addition, we have reported that TG containing LA significantly decreased in essential FA deficient guinea pigs with decreased ω-O-acylCER [ 21 , 22 ]. Therefore, it is considered that the LA composition of TG and their amounts may be closely connected with ω-O-acylCER and skin health.…”

Natural and Synthetic Bioactives for Skin Health, Disease and Management

“…Olivera-Castillo et al ( 2020) evaluated the bioactive-enriched components found in the sea cucumber (Isostichopus badionotus) body wall that promote anti-inflammatory activity and found that fucosylated chondroitin sulfate, the primary glycosaminoglycan, reduced the expression of critical genes, such as NF-kB, TNFa, iNOS and COX-2, and further lessened the inflammation and tissue damage caused by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13acetate (TPA) in a mouse ear inflammation model [19]. Lee et al (2019) demonstrated that triacylglycerol (TAG) metabolism is related to the acyl-ceramide (Cer) synthesis and corneocyte lipid envelope (CLE) formation involved in maintaining the epidermal barrier. Their investigation demonstrated that dietary borage oil-enhanced TAG content, the gene expression of TAG metabolism, acyl-Cer synthesis and CLE formation in the epidermis of essential fatty-acid-deficient guinea pigs [20].…”

“…Lee et al (2019) demonstrated that triacylglycerol (TAG) metabolism is related to the acyl-ceramide (Cer) synthesis and corneocyte lipid envelope (CLE) formation involved in maintaining the epidermal barrier. Their investigation demonstrated that dietary borage oil-enhanced TAG content, the gene expression of TAG metabolism, acyl-Cer synthesis and CLE formation in the epidermis of essential fatty-acid-deficient guinea pigs [20].…”