Enhancement of salivary human neutrophil peptide 1–3 levels by probiotic supplementation

Abstract

BackgroundProbiotic supplementation can reduce mutans streptococci (MS) numbers. One of its proposed mechanisms is immunomodulation. Salivary human neutrophil peptide 1–3 (HNP1-3) levels have previously been demonstrated to be higher in caries-free than in caries-susceptible children, suggesting their preventive role against caries. We aimed to compare salivary HNP1-3 levels between an intervention group with probiotics and a control group.MethodsA randomized double-blinded clinical trial was conducted. Sixty schoolchildren were equally allocated to either an intervention or control group. The use of a probiotic strain, Lactobacillus paracasei SD1, has shown to reduce MS numbers in volunteers. In unstimulated whole saliva, HNP1-3 levels were assayed by ELISA, and MS and lactobacilli counts were assayed by colony counting at baseline (T0) and at 3 (T3), 6 (T6), and 12 months (T12). The International Caries Detection and Assessment system was used to assess caries status.ResultsIn the intervention group, salivary HNP1-3 levels were significantly greater than those in the control group at T3 and T6 (p < 0.001), whereas MS counts were significantly decreased (p < 0.01). In the intervention group, positive and negative correlations were found between HNP1-3 levels and lactobacilli counts and between MS and lactobacilli counts, respectively. However, there was no significant correlation between enhanced HNP1-3 levels and decreased MS numbers. The caries increment for the pit and fissure surface, but not for the smooth surfaces, was significantly decreased in the intervention group compared with the control group (p = 0.01).ConclusionsProbiotics can temporarily enhance salivary HNP1-3 levels; however, their action to reduce new pit and fissure caries probably involves microbial interactions.Trial registrationTCTR20130904001 (registration date: September 04, 2013).Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12903-015-0003-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Caries reporting in studies that used the International Caries Detection and Assessment System: A scoping review

“…Studies differed in their grouping of caries scores. For example, nine different caries surfaces measures and seven caries teeth measures were identified in this review. Some studies grouped them to classify caries as dentin and enamel lesions while others classified them as initial/early, moderate/established and severe/extensive lesions .…”

“…Some studies grouped them to classify caries as dentin and enamel lesions while others classified them as initial/early, moderate/established and severe/extensive lesions . In addition, some studies combined all scores of caries into one group . Using the ICDAS categorical characteristics does not explore the full scale of the collected information.…”

“…21,22,24,61 In addition, some studies combined all scores of caries into one group. 4,19,23,25,30,48,[65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78] (5)(6) mft/D (5)(6) MFT Total counts of teeth with ICDAS scores of 5 or more (d (5)(6) /D (5)(6) ), teeth with fillings (F) and extracted teeth (M) 33,41,47,49,52,79 d (3)(4) mft/D (3)(4) MFT Total counts of teeth with ICDAS scores of 3 and 4 (d (3)(4) /D (3)(4) ), teeth with fillings (F) and extracted teeth (M) (1)(2)(3) ) and surfaces with fillings (F) 130 d (...…”

Rol de los Probióticos como Bacterioterapia en Odontología. Revisión de la Literatura

“…Aumenta significativamente el pH salival Lactobacillus acidophilus (2) Reduce de forma significativa los niveles de Streptococcus mutans en la saliva Lactobacillus acidophilus (2) Lactobacillus reuteri (6,10,12,13,19) Lactobacillus rhamnosus (13,19) Lactobacillus rhamnosus LRH08: Además, los resultados clínicos de este estudio mostraron una disminución estadísticamente significativa de la incidencia de nuevas lesiones de caries y una disminución de individuos con nuevas lesiones de caries (17) Lactobacillus paracasei cepas SD1 y DSMZ 16671 (19,(22)(23)(24) Lactobacillus paracasei subespecie casei, Lactobacillus acidophillus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus y Bifidobacterium: combinación de cepas probióticas en el yogurt Laive (25) Adhesión a perlas de hidroxiapatita (Competencia por un sitio en el esmalte con el Streptococcus sobrinus) Streptococcus thermophilus y Lactococcus lactis (2) 56 voluntarios sanos, entre 25 y 66 años, basándose en los siguientes parámetros: la bacteria no debía producir VSC (compuestos volátiles de azufre), debía tener actividad antibacteriana frente a patógenos que causan la enfermedad periodontal y caries dental, debía tener adhesión a la hidroxiapatita recubierta con saliva y a las células epiteliales orales in vitro, no debía tener un potencial cariogénico en un sistema de boca artificial y no debía producir riesgo de endocarditis infecciosa en un modelo de rata. En base a estos parámetros los mejores candidatos para ser probados en un ensayo clínico aleatorio con humanos serían: L. crispatus YIT 12319, L. fermentum YIT 12320, L. gasseri YIT 12321, 12322 y S. mitis YIT (20) .…”

“…En vista de estos antecedentes las investigaciones que se vienen realizando en los últimos años se enfocan sobre el control de los microorganismos patógenos a través de la bacterioterapia con el uso de probióticos (primer enfoque) y realizando cambios ecológicos favorables para el medio bucal perturbado, tales como aumentar el pH local e incrementar el flujo salival (segundo enfoque) (2,13) . Existen una serie de ensayos clínicos aleatorios que indican que los probióticos de cepas de Lactobacillus y Bifidobacterium pueden ejercer un efecto antagonista sobre Streptococcus mutans (principal especie bacteriana causal de la caries dental) (8,(10)(11)(12)(13)17,19,(22)(23)(24)(25) . Sin embargo, una reducción a corto plazo en el recuento de los Streptococcus mutans no necesariamente está asociada a menos caries o riesgo reducido de caries.…”