Enhancing Space Resilience Through Non-Materiel Means

Abstract

Limited Print and Electronic Distribution RightsThis document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html.The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest.RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors.Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-0-8330-9313-4For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR1067Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2016 RAND CorporationR® is a registered trademark.iii Preface Current U.S. national security space (NSS) architectures were developed assuming that space was a sanctuary. However, as stated in the National Security Space Strategy, the space environment "is becoming increasingly congested, contested, and competitive."1 In recent analyses of alternatives for future NSS systems, the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and the U.S. Air Force have begun exploring how the space segment can become more resilient to potential adversary actions, as well as to system failures and the harsh environment of space. However, enhancing the resilience of NSS capabilities must occur in today's financially constrained environment, and changes to the space segment will likely be expensive.To provide a complete look at resilience and possibly realize some benefit in the near term and at lower cost, the Air Force has tasked RAND to identify non-materiel means-doctrine, organization, training, materiel, leadership and education, personnel, facilities, and policy (DOTMLPF-P) 2 -to enhance space resilience. Thus, this report should be of interest to those in the U.S. government space community looking to enhance the resilience of current and future U.S. space systems. Readers are also likely to be interested in the project's three companion reports:• Myron Hura, Gary McLeod, and George J. SummaryThe U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) is now treating the space domain as a congested, contested, and competitive environment. The Air Force has also realized that the national security space (NSS) enterprise must undergo a transformation to help it survive in this new environment and has been looking at ways to make the enterprise more resilient. Co...

Systems-of-Systems MS&A for Complex Systems, Gaming and Decision for Space Systems

“…This approach allows the system architecture solution to be optimized within a selected set of alternative systemsof-systems architectures using appropriate APAs and KPPs. Recently, USG has been using the "Resilience" attribute for assessing and optimizing SOSE CONOPS performance [11][12][13][14]. The Resilience attribute encompasses avoidance, robustness, reconstitution and recovery.…”

“…The MS&A models and tool implemented in Matlab 13 for SOSE CONOPS assessment presented in this section are derived from [10]. The models and Matlab tool focus on space SOSE [9,20] in the presence of friendly RFI threats.…”

“…They can be used to evaluate key SOSE CONOPS performance metrics, including (i) Communication LM and communication link availability in terms of network score, and (ii) the three key resiliency metrics for measuring spectrum resiliency against RFI threats. The three key resiliency metrics are (a) Resilience Assessment Index against RFI (RAI-RFI), which is a measure of "Reconstitution" metric calculating the probability of a ground/satellite 13 The Matlab tools were developed jointly by The Aerospace team and CSUF graduate student team. system being disrupted by RFI and its ability to reduce RFI by re-routing the desired signal to avoid RFI threats, (b) Spectrum Resiliency Assessment Index against RFI (SRAI-RFI), which is a measure of "Avoidance-Robustness-and-Reconstitution" metric for evaluation of the ability of a system that can access the spectrum and be able to response to a disruptive event -SRAI-RFI is a metric calculating the probability that a system can access to its allocated RF frequency band in the presence of RFI threats, and (c) Resilient Capacity against RFI (RC-RFI), which is a measure of "Avoidance, Robustness, Reconstitution, and Recovery."…”

System-of-Systems Enterprise CONOPS Assessment Decision Support Tools

“…Thomas O. Freeze 1 *, Tien M. Nguyen 2 and Charles H. Lee 3 1 The first author performed the work presented in this chapter when he was a Graduate Student at California State University in Fullerton (CSUF). Currently he is with The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, California 2 The second author serves as Adjunct Research Professor and CSUF and he is also with The Aerospace Corporation…”

“…They define resilience as the ability of an architecture to support the functions necessary for mission success in spite of hostile action or adverse conditions. Similarly, in Enhancing Space Resilience Through Non-Material Means McLeod, et al define resilience as "an attribute of a system that generally indicates its ability to maintain critical operations in the face of adverse disruptions" [2]. However, they acknowledge that there is much room for variation to this definition depending on circumstances and priorities.…”