Enteric Adenoviruses

Mautner, Vivien; Steinthórsdóttir, Valgerður; Bailey, A. S.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-79586-2_12

Cited by 12 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 172 publications

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“…Fifty-one serotypes have been classified into six genogroups (A-F) based on their ability to agglutinate red blood cells [Rosen, 1960]. AdV genogroup F, serotypes 40 and 41, are related commonly to acute gastroenteritis [Mautner et al, 1995]. Human astroviruses have a single strand RNA, and eight genotypes have been identified using sequence analysis of the ORF 2 region [Noel et al, 1995;Walter et al, 2001].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular characterization of enteric viral agents from children in northern region of Ghana

Silva

Stark

Mockenhaupt

et al. 2008

Journal of Medical Virology

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Viral gastrointestinal infections are among the most important causes of childhood morbidity and mortality, especially in non-industrialized countries. The objective of this study was the molecular characterization of rotaviruses, noroviruses, adenoviruses, astroviruses, and enteroviruses obtained from 367 children in the Northern Region of Ghana. One hundred and forty-two rotavirus-positive stool samples were examined. The most frequent type identified was G1P[8] occurring in 80% of the cases. Of 27 norovirus positive samples, 5 isolates belonged to genogroup I and 22 to genogroup II. Adenoviruses were detected in 73 samples; 23.3% of these belonged to genogroup F, 31.5% to D, 17.8% to A, 15.1% to C, and 12.3% to B. Astrovirus typing of 12 positive samples displayed a distribution into four different genotypes: five sequences clustered with AstV-8, four with AstV-2, two with AstV-5, and one with AstV-6. Twenty-three different enterovirus types were identified in 45 positive samples, coxsackievirus A24 being the most frequent pathogen (18%). This first, comprehensive molecular characterization of enteric viruses in northern Ghana provides baseline data for the molecular epidemiology of these pathogens and immunisation strategies. The available rotavirus vaccines cover the predominant G1P[8] type and would reduce substantially disease burden in that area.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular characterization of enteric viral agents from children in northern region of Ghana

Silva

Stark

Mockenhaupt

et al. 2008

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…The generally greater replication rate of RNA viruses is also an advantage, although the one respiratory isolate (HAdV-2) that we tested also replicated rapidly. The reason for the slow replication kinetics of HAdV-F is unclear, but it has also been observed in cell lines (7,8,42) and may reflect some unique aspect of enteric HAdV biology that remains to be elucidated. Since all of the inocula were lysates and the titer of the HAdV-2 V-2375-18 lysate was 2.5 log lower than the lowest HAdV-41 clinical isolate titer, low MOI or other characteristics of the inoculum are unlikely to explain the discrepancy in replication kinetics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adenovirus Infection of Human Enteroids Reveals Interferon Sensitivity and Preferential Infection of Goblet Cells

Holly

Smith

2018

J Virol

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Human adenoviruses (HAdV) are significant human pathogens. Although only a subset of HAdV serotypes commonly cause gastroenteritis in humans, most HAdV species replicate in the gastrointestinal tract. Knowledge of the complex interaction between HAdVs and the human intestinal epithelium has been limited by the lack of a suitable cell culture system containing relevant cell types. Recently, this need has been met by the stable and prolonged cultivation of primary intestinal epithelial cells as enteroids. Human enteroids have been used to reveal novel and interesting aspects of rotavirus, norovirus, and enterovirus replication, prompting us to explore their suitability for HAdV culture. We found that both prototype strains and clinical isolates of enteric and non-enteric HAdVs productively replicate in human enteroids. HAdV-5p, a respiratory pathogen, and HAdV-41p, an enteric pathogen, are both sensitive to type I and III interferons in human enteroid monolayers but not A549 cells. Interestingly, HAdV-5p, but not HAdV-41p, preferentially infected goblet cells. And, HAdV-5p but not HAdV-41p was potently neutralized by the enteric human alpha-defensin HD5. These studies highlight new facets of HAdV biology that are uniquely revealed by primary intestinal epithelial cell culture. Enteric adenoviruses are a significant cause of childhood gastroenteritis worldwide, yet our understanding of their unique biology is limited. Here we report robust replication of both prototype and clinical isolates of enteric and respiratory human adenoviruses in enteroids, a primary intestinal cell culture system. Recent studies have shown that other fastidious enteric viruses replicate in human enteroids. Therefore, human enteroids may provide a unified platform for culturing enteric viruses, potentially enabling isolation of a greater diversity of viruses from patients. Moreover, both the ability of interferon to restrict respiratory and enteric adenoviruses and a surprising preference of a respiratory serotype for goblet cells demonstrates the power of this culture system to uncover aspects of adenovirus biology that were previously unattainable with standard cell lines.

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“…By placing the Ad40 promoter in an Ad5 virus context we could minimize other contributing factors, such as the relatively poor transactivating capacity of the Ad40 E1A 13S protein compared to its Ad5 counterpart (Fig. 3A) and the relative difficulty of obtaining high-titer low-particle-to-infectivity-ratio virus stocks (Steinthorsdottir, 1991;Mautner et al, 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Growth restriction in tissue culture is a distinctive feature of the enteric adenovirus types 40 and 41 (reviewed by Mautner et al, 1995;Tiemessen and Kidd, 1995). The E1 region has been implicated in this growth defect since both serotypes, although they grow poorly in HeLa cells, can be propagated in 293 cells (Takiff et al, 1981), which express the Ad5 E1A and E1B genes (Graham et al, 1977).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties of the Adenovirus Type 40 E1B Promoter That Contribute to Its Low Transcriptional Activity

Mautner

Bailey²,

Steinthórsdóttir

et al. 1999

Virology

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The adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) E1B promoter contains two elements essential for maximal activity, a TATA box and a GC box. The enteric adenovirus type 40 (Ad40) E1B promoter has a TATA box sequence identical to that of Ad5 and a GC box that fits the Sp1 binding site consensus. Nevertheless, Ad40 E1B RNA synthesis is severely impaired in HeLa cells, attributable in part at least to the weak transactivating activity of Ad40 E1A. However, the responsiveness of Ad40 early promoters to E1A transactivation has not been directly demonstrated. Using a transient expression assay with a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) reporter gene, the Ad40 E1B promoter was very poorly transactivated by E1A of both Ad40 and Ad5 and showed only a limited response to the promiscuous varicella zoster virus transactivator p140. Construction of Ad5 recombinant viruses expressing the CAT gene under the control of the Ad5 or Ad40 E1B promoter allowed detection and measurement of expression from the Ad40 E1B promoter in a well-defined background and showed that overall activity is some 100-fold lower than for the Ad5 E1B promoter. Deletion analysis revealed that sequences upstream of the Sp1 binding site down-modulated Ad40 E1B promoter responsiveness, and two protein binding sites, identified by DNase footprinting and gel retardation assay, may be implicated in this effect. Gel shift analysis also showed that the Ad40 Sp1 binding site had a reduced affinity for Sp1 protein, relative to the Ad5 site, and that the context as well as the core sequence had an influence on Sp1 recognition.

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Enteric Adenoviruses

Cited by 12 publications

References 172 publications

Molecular characterization of enteric viral agents from children in northern region of Ghana

Molecular characterization of enteric viral agents from children in northern region of Ghana

Adenovirus Infection of Human Enteroids Reveals Interferon Sensitivity and Preferential Infection of Goblet Cells

Properties of the Adenovirus Type 40 E1B Promoter That Contribute to Its Low Transcriptional Activity

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