Enteric Virome Sensing—Its Role in Intestinal Homeostasis and Immunity

Metzger, Rebecca; Krug, Anne; Eisenächer, Katharina

doi:10.3390/v10040146

Cited by 61 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 280 publications

(359 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Intestinal microbes are intimately linked with the immune system of the host (Zhu et al, 2017;Metzger et al, 2018). There is a mutually beneficial relationship between the microorganisms and the host.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Xylooligosaccharide Modulates Gut Microbiota and Alleviates Colonic Inflammation Caused by High Fat Diet Induced Obesity

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Obesity leads to colonic inflammation and may increase the risk of colorectal cancer. Xylooligosaccharide (XOS) exhibits strong antioxidant and excellent antibacterial properties, and can be utilized by gut microbes to maintain the ecological balance of the intestinal tract. In this study, we explored how XOS modulates the microbiota and regulates high fat diet (HFD) induced inflammation. We measured the changes in body weight and visceral coefficients in rats fed a high-fat diet. We also measured the expression levels of inflammatory factors in the plasma and colonic tissues of the rats using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We analyzed the composition of fecal microorganisms and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) content using 16S rDNA and GC-MS. We found that XOS significantly counteracted HFD induced weight gain. Moreover, the plasma levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and lipopolysaccharide decreased in the XOS-treated rats. XOS treatment decreased TNF-α mRNA expression and increased occludin mRNA expression in the rat colon. We observed a reduction in the overall microbial abundance in the feces of the XOStreated rats, although the proportion of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes increased significantly and the number of beneficial bacteria increased in the form of dominant microbes. We found that both SCFA-producing bacteria and SCFA content increased in the gut of the XOS-treated rats. We identified a correlation between the abundance of Prevotella and Paraprevotella and SCFA content. Taken together, we propose that XOS can alleviate colonic inflammation by regulating gut microbial composition and enhancing SCFA content in the gut.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Xylooligosaccharide Modulates Gut Microbiota and Alleviates Colonic Inflammation Caused by High Fat Diet Induced Obesity

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Additionally, enterovirus surface antigen can be recognized directly by relevant intestinal mucosal immune cells through the cytosolic sensors, retinoic acid inducible gene I, melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5, endosomal TLRs, as well as PRRs, which function to induce further production of IFN (97). Certain viruses, such as phages, are also closely associated with bacterial diversity, which indirectly plays a role in the intestinal immune system and contributes to development of disease.…”

Section: Disorders Of Intestinal Flora Affect the Relationship Betweementioning

confidence: 99%

Intestinal Flora and Disease Mutually Shape the Regional Immune System in the Intestinal Tract

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The intestinal tract is the largest digestive organ in the human body. It is colonized by, and consistently exposed to, a myriad of microorganisms, including bifidobacteria, lactobacillus, Escherichia coli, enterococcus, clostridium perfringens, and pseudomonas. To protect the body from potential pathogens, the intestinal tract has evolved regional immune characteristics. These characteristics are defined by its unique structure, function, and microenvironment, which differ drastically from those of the common central and peripheral immune organs. The intestinal microenvironment created by the intestinal flora and its products significantly affects the immune function of the region. In turn, specific diseases regulate and influence the composition of the intestinal flora. A constant interplay occurs between the intestinal flora and immune system. Further, the intestinal microenvironment can be reconstructed by probiotic use or microbiota transplantation, functioning to recalibrate the immune homeostasis, while also contributing to the treatment or amelioration of diseases. In this review, we summarize the relationship between the intestinal flora and the occurrence and development of diseases as an in-turn effect on intestinal immunity. We also discuss improved immune function as it relates to non-specific and specific immunity. Further, we discuss the proliferation, differentiation and secretion of immune cells, within the intestinal region following remodeling of the microenvironment as a means to ameliorate and treat diseases. Finally, we suggest strategies for improved utilization of intestinal flora.

show abstract

“…Recent studies have shed light on how resident enteric viruses may affect host physiology beyond causing disease [90]. Despite the partial picture of the taxonomic composition of the mammalian virome, recent investigations showed that the preponderance of viruses residing in the intestine are bacteriophages, which infect bacteria and can be released from them in response to stress signals [91].…”

Section: The Interplay Between the Microbiome And Virome: A New Visiomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A different study performed on mice showed activation of myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88)-dependent pathway, with consequent involvement of TLRs [95]. Despite controversial results, it is clear that enteric phages have a key role in the modulation of the bacterial microbiome on the intestinal mucosal surface [90].…”

Section: The Interplay Between the Microbiome And Virome: A New Visiomentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Vision of IgA Nephropathy: The Missing Link

Sallustio,

Curci,

Di Leo

et al. 2019

IJMS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

IgA Nephropathy (IgAN) is a primary glomerulonephritis problem worldwide that develops mainly in the 2nd and 3rd decade of life and reaches end-stage kidney disease after 20 years from the biopsy-proven diagnosis, implying a great socio-economic burden. IgAN may occur in a sporadic or familial form. Studies on familial IgAN have shown that 66% of asymptomatic relatives carry immunological defects such as high IgA serum levels, abnormal spontaneous in vitro production of IgA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), high serum levels of aberrantly glycosylated IgA1, and an altered PBMC cytokine production profile. Recent findings led us to focus our attention on a new perspective to study the pathogenesis of this disease, and new studies showed the involvement of factors driven by environment, lifestyle or diet that could affect the disease. In this review, we describe the results of studies carried out in IgAN patients derived from genomic and epigenomic studies. Moreover, we discuss the role of the microbiome in the disease. Finally, we suggest a new vision to consider IgA Nephropathy as a disease that is not disconnected from the environment in which we live but influenced, in addition to the genetic background, also by other environmental and behavioral factors that could be useful for developing precision nephrology and personalized therapy.

show abstract

Enteric Virome Sensing—Its Role in Intestinal Homeostasis and Immunity

Cited by 61 publications

References 280 publications

Xylooligosaccharide Modulates Gut Microbiota and Alleviates Colonic Inflammation Caused by High Fat Diet Induced Obesity

Xylooligosaccharide Modulates Gut Microbiota and Alleviates Colonic Inflammation Caused by High Fat Diet Induced Obesity

Intestinal Flora and Disease Mutually Shape the Regional Immune System in the Intestinal Tract

A New Vision of IgA Nephropathy: The Missing Link

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About