Enteric viruses in lentic and lotic freshwater habitats from Brazil’s Midwest and South regions in the Guarani Aquifer area

Two-year monitoring of enterovirus and rotavirus A in recreational freshwater from an island region, Pará State, northern Brazil

“…The EV was also the most common virus detected in 56% (14/25) of the recreational sites collected from lakes in China, surpassing even the NoV positivity (Allmann et al 2013). In midwest and south regions of Brazil, the EV was also detected in lake water used for recreations (Maurer et al 2015, Cadamuro et al 2021. These data show that EV circulation is common and well reported in recreational waters.…”

“…Besides that, the quantitative microbial risk assessment has been carried out as a way of assessing the risk associated with exposure to RVA by the river water used for recreation and consumption (Bortagaray et al 2020). It was not possible to establish a seasonal pattern for the circulation of EV and RVA in the recreational freshwater assessed, similar to what was found in another study carried out in the midwest and south regions of Brazil, where there was also no difference in viral concentrations found comparing the dry and rainy seasons in a large freshwater reservoir with lakes that are used for recreation (Cadamuro et al 2021). Besides, study with clinical samples collected in the same region, shows that RVA infections tend to occur throughout the year, showing a "see-saw effect" between infections of RVA and norovirus, another important etiological agent involved in cases of gastroenteritis (Siqueira et al 2013).…”

“…Most RVA infections occur primarily in children under five years and they are responsible for >500,000 deaths annually even in the global post-vaccination scenario, with main clinical manifestations ranging from diarrhea, vomiting, malaise and fever episodes to leading to rapid and intense dehydration, hindering the effectiveness of oral rehydration (Crawford et al 2017). Several studies have already demonstrated not only the presence of this virus in water intended for recreation but also the risk assessment for RVA infection and illness (Vieira et al 2012, Prez et al 2015, Elmahdy et al 2016, Bortagaray et al 2020, Cadamuro et al 2021.…”

“…Unlike the EV, there are no reports on the RVA participation as a cause of waterborne disease outbreaks in recreational environments (Sinclair et al 2009). However, its circulation in this type of sample has already been evidenced in lakes (Cadamuro et al 2021) and rivers (Bortagaray et al 2020). Besides that, the quantitative microbial risk assessment has been carried out as a way of assessing the risk associated with exposure to RVA by the river water used for recreation and consumption (Bortagaray et al 2020).…”

Detection and molecular characterization of enteric adenovirus in treated wastewater in the Brazilian Federal District

“…Virus particles should thus be considered as complementary measures to bacterial indicators, once the potential role of water in transmission of viruses and the outcomes should not be excluded. In addition, recent studies demonstrated the presence of several types of enteric viruses in water matrices, such as Rotaviruses A (RVA), Noroviruses (NoVs), Hepatoviruses (HVA) and Adenoviruses (HAdVs) [10,[37][38][39][40][41][42][43]. Some authors note that HAdVs can be used as virological indicators of human contamination and, consequently, a marker for water quality.…”