Entering PIN codes by smooth pursuit eye movements

Abstract

Despite its potential gaze interaction is still not a widely-used interaction concept. Major drawbacks as the calibration, strain of the eyes and the high number of false alarms are associated with gaze based interaction and limit its practicability for every-day human computer interaction. In this paper two experiments are described which use smooth pursuit eye movements on moving display buttons. The first experiment was conducted to extract an easy and fast interaction concept and at the same time to collect data to develop a specific but robust algorithm. In a follow-up experiment, twelve conventionally calibrated participants interacted successfully with the system. For another group of twelve people the eye tracker was not calibrated individually, but on a third person. Results show that for both groups interaction was possible without false alarms. Both groups rated the user experience of the system as positive.

Calibration-free gaze interfaces based on linear smooth pursuit

“…Thus, apart from circular object movements, researchers have developed interfaces based on linear pursuit eye movement using other algorithms to improve the detection performance. Cymek et al (2014) used smooth pursuit eye movements for PIN code input. Their interface contained 16 dynamic elements.…”

“…This type of control has a number of advantages over those input methods that rely on physical touch, e.g. hands-free interaction for aseptic environments and increased privacy, since inputs cannot be visually observed by third parties (Cymek et al, 2014). Hence, a large number of applications for gaze-based interaction has been developed for everyday human computer interaction.…”

“…Hence, a large number of applications for gaze-based interaction has been developed for everyday human computer interaction. Gaze typing (Majaranta, MacKenzie, Aula, & Rä ihä , 2006;Ward, Blackwell, & MacKay, 2000), password input (Cymek et al, 2014;Luca & Weiss, 2007), smart watch control (Esteves, Velloso, Bulling, & Gellersen, 2015), map reading (Göbel, Kiefer, Giannopoulos, Duchowski, & Raubal, 2018), and controlling telepresence robots (Zhang, Hansen, & Minakaa, 2019) have been proposed as use cases. To trigger an action in gaze-based interfaces, three mechanisms for the selection are prevalent, fixation-based, gesture-based, and smoothpursuit based selection.…”

EyeTell: Tablet-based Calibration-free Eye-typing using Smooth-pursuit movements

“…Tracking of eye-movements also allows people with severe disability to communicate, via on-screen keyboards and eye-trackers [Ball et al 2010]. Eye movements have been harnessed for applications in eye-typing [Lenglet et al 2019;Ward et al 2000], adaptive speed control of videos [Abibouraguimane et al 2019], password authentication [Cymek et al 2014], expertise development [Castner et al 2017], and other tasks that allow for hands-free uses of interfaces. This is advantageous in everyday situations, where an ongoing task requires interactions with hands, such as surgery [Abibouraguimane et al 2019] or hands-free applications provide a hygienic option of interaction in the public spaces [Khamis et al 2016].…”

“…Smooth-pursuit eye movements have been used for text entry with various applications -answering multiple-choice questions on public displays by following the trajectory of the moving textual answers [Khamis et al 2016], entering the pin-code on an on-screen pin-pad with each number having a unique trajectory [Cymek et al 2014]. Lutz et al have developed an application that allows entry of individual letters from the alphabet, by dividing a letter entry into two phases of interaction -selection of a cluster of letters, which contains the intended letter and the selection of which allows access to the individual letters, followed by the selection of the intended letter [Lutz et al 2015].…”